The Relationship between Multinational Firms, the State and Essay

The Relationship between Multinational Firms, the State and Socio-Economic Development in the UK - Essay Example Most of the research work conducted did concentrate on the firm-level decisions regarding their FDI strategies but less time and resources have been devoted to the state level. It has been realized that a number of states such as the US have often attracted FDI through various tactics including reduction in taxation levels. The relationship between these multinationals and the State becomes very important in the success of both parties. Even though one would argue that the role of state in international business has been eroded by the development in globalization, this is still not the actual case on the ground. The nation state still has a crucial role to play and this is why its relationship with the multinationals is quite relevant (Henderson et al., 2002, pp.436-464). A number of reasons exist as to why most multinationals are tolerated. One of them is the mutual relationship that could emanate between the state and the multinational which further links it to the home state of th e multinational. In this case, a tripartite perspective could be established. The other reason is based on the social and economic developments that multinational companies do promote in the host country. These two reasons seem to underlie the basic intentions of the national governments in welcoming multinationals. This paper looks at the relationship between multinational firms, the state and socio-economic development in the UK as a case study. Analysis Multinational firms and the UK state The relationship between nation states and multinationals is one that has been characterised with juxtaposed needs or interests. Each seems to be pulling towards its side. The state is territorially defined and has well-defined political systems which provide the necessary framework for economic, social, political and cultural activities of those acting domestically and pursuing the interests of the nation (Dunn, 1994, pp.3-8). On the other hand, multinationals are interested in expanding their individual operations irrespective of the boundaries set by the state and have to cope with a number of political, economic, cultural and social conditions that exist in those acquired markets and they are always driven by private interests, which are usually founded on economy of scale, global trends in economy, and effective management of international operations. Existence of negotiated relationships between these two opposing parties merges their needs and ensures a win-win outcome (Kay, 2002, pp.1073-1102). Democratic political institutions have the capacity to establish policies that are market-friendly. The peace that exists in states links these democratic institutions to more credible levels of international systems. These mechanisms provide better playing grounds for multinationals in the long run. On this point, the institutional based checks as well as balances, which could be linked to democratic systems usually, reduce the possibility of reversing the policies made an d thus providing the multinational companies with the de facto commitment to the stability of these policies (Iet to-Gillies, 2002, pp.43-54). Stable policies ensure that multinational are given a friendlier environment where they can forecast their needs for budgeting in relation to the upcoming economic scenarios as well as tax schedules, make critical managerial decisions that are able to respond to macro-economic predictions, and also eventually hedge against risks associated

Why we treat men and women differently Essay Example for Free

Why we treat men and women differently Essay The process of learning gender roles begins right when we are born. The first question people ask of a newborn is â€Å"Is it a boy or girl? † This question illustrates the importance of gender in organizing our expectations and perceptions of an individual. In American culture we tend to give boys and girls different types of toys to play with and dress infants according to gender. If you look at your baby pictures, you may find that you were often dressed in either blue or pink. One US study reports that 90% of the infants observed at a shopping mall were dressed in gendered colors and or styles (Shakin, Shakin Sternglanz, 1985). By the age of 3 children begin to accurately label people by sex (Fagot, Leinbach Hagen, 1986). Gender role socialization progress throughout life from various sources – parental expectations, modeling of gender roles by peers and images of males and females in the media all contribute to our ideas on what it means to be male or female. Gender role is a psychological construct that develops in children as they are socialized in their environments. As children become older, they learn specific behaviors and patterns of activities appropriate and inappropriate for their sex and they either adopt or reject those gender roles. Sandra Bem (1981) argues that gender is one of the fundamental ways we organize information and understand experiences about the world. The way we think of being male or female is a web of behaviors, attitudes, objects and conventions that are associated with being male and being female. We then use this web of preconceived notions to understand the people around us. To illustrate, lets look at the story of Stella, a senior high school student. Stella’s parents were egalitarian; they believed that gender should not hinder their daughter’s future. They wanted their daughter to grow up without the encumbrances of gender Perception of stereotypes affects our behavior Page #2 role stereotypes. They made sure that they trained her to be assertive, to be an achiever and always told her that being female should not hinder her from pursuing her dreams. True to her parents’ words, Stella was an outstanding student, had good leadership skills and had been accepted to a university that she wanted. However, Stella did not have many girl friends. She was not invited to slumber parties and girly stuff though she got along well with the boys. Then one day, she overheard the boys at school talking about her, one of them remarked that Stella was more of a boy than a girl and he wouldn’t want to go to the prom with her. Stella was stunned, she never thought of herself that way, she felt confused and hurt. The story tells us of Stella’s predicament. She was brought up to think that everyone can reach for his or her dreams and you simply have to work hard for it and this is what she did. But her peers see her as a misfit, the girls did not like her because she was not interested in girly stuff and the boys did not think of her as a girl. We can say that her peers are reluctant to accept Stella because she goes against the traditional gender roles. Majority of her peers have been socialized to think that girls should be emotional, gentle, beautiful and nurturing while boys should be tough, competitive and strong. Our preconceived notions of what a man /woman should be and what they should not be is always present in our daily interactions and in how we understand others. Children generally use the term sissy to label a boy who is not a bully and boys torment girls because they are weak and cannot keep up with them. We applaud men who are achievers, who are leaders, who can provide their family with all the comfort and luxury of life, while we scorn at women who exhibit the same traits because we think that a woman should not sacrifice her family for her career. Consequently we can observe that more and more women choose to be single or marry at Perception of stereotypes affects our behavior Page #3 a later age when they have reached their dreams. Even the sex double standard favors men over women, it is almost innate in us to be forgiving to husbands who have extramarital affairs because we rationalize that boys will always be boys. On the other end we become disgusted when we hear of a wife having extramarital affairs. Our judgment is clouded by our schemas rather than finding out the story behind the act. Gender stereotypes are actually the most ingrained and prevalent forms of stereotyping. It is present across cultures and affects all of us from birth to the day of our death. The way we relate to and are being related to is largely based on our gender. It has become a fundamental part of who we are as persons and even dictates what we become in life. Women generally pursue careers that are nurturing and man generally are in occupations that makes use of their power and authority. Stella in such an early age is confronted with her being not a typical girl and if she gives in to the pressure of being accepted by her peers then she might not become what her parents dreamed her to be. And the end question of whether gender stereotypes are negative or positive is not really the issue. Gender role socialization is a necessary function of society to maintain the status quo. Women are disadvantaged by these stereotypes because it limits their opportunity for personal growth, but at present we see a breaking away of the traditional gender roles into a more egalitarian form. More and more husbands have stayed home to care for the children, while more women are joining the work force and getting top positions in all the institutions of society. Thus, like Stella’s parents, we can dispel our gender role biases and hope that in the future our children would live their lives the way they want it to be, not because they are male or female.

Critos Arguments to Socrates

Critos Arguments to Socrates Hale, Aubrieann In this paper I will be analyzing Crito in the aspects of context, main issues, Socratic reversal, athlete/physician analogy and the consequences. The first two are fairly weak. The third, concerning Socrates responsibility to his children is the strongest. Crito presents many reasons to Socrates for why Socrates should escape. The first two are fairly weak. The third, concerning Socrates responsibility to his children is the strongest. Critos first argument is that if Socrates does not escape, then Socrates will then in turn be hurting Crito in two ways. One Crito will lose a good friend when Socrates dies and Critos reputation will in turn be hurt too. People wont know that Socrates chose to remain in jail, they will think Crito had the opportunity to get Socrates out but that he did not do so because he was not willing to spend the money. With that Crito will get a reputation for caring more for money than for a friend. This argument only considers the consequences of Socrates action for Crito. In Critos second argument, he speculates about why Socrates does not want to escape. He says that if Socrates is worried that by escaping he will harm his friends who could get in trouble for trying to helping him escape, then his fears are un founded. They are willing to risk this or even something worse for him, and it is cheap to pay off both the guards along anyone who might inform on them, so there will not be much risk. While it may be possible to pay people off, there is still the question of whether it is moral. In his third argument Crito mentions Socrates responsibility to his children. As their father, it is Socrates responsibility to see that his children are brought up well and educated, and he cannot do this if he is dead. Crito appeals to what is important to Socrates. He points out that pursuing goodness is how Socrates wants to lead his life, and that a good man would see that his children are cared for. Crito says that staying in jail is the easy thing to do, but escaping takes courage, and the right thing to do is to be brave for the sake of his children. In response to Critos arguments Socrates considers first, why the opinion of the majority is not the most important opinion, second, what the consequences of escaping would be for the city of Athens, and third whether escaping is an unjust action such that it would harm Socrates soul. Many of Critos arguments concern the opinion of the majority what will they think if Crito does not help Socrates escape? What will they think if Socrates is not responsible for his children? Socrates argues that the opinion of an expert is more important than the opinion of the majority. He gives the example of someone in training. An athlete does not pay attention to the advice of the general public, but to their trainer. If they listened to public opinion such as taking steroids, eat whatever they want, train 20 hours a day, they could hurt their body. Socrates extends the analogy if they listen to the majority rather than experts they could harm their souls, the part of a person that is damaged by w rong actions and benefited by right ones. Socrates most fundamental principles that the really important thing is not to live but to live well. Therefore, he considers whether it is morally right to pay off the guards and escape. He begins addressing this issue by considering the consequences for the city. He says that the laws and the city could be destroyed if he escaped. Legal judgments could lose their force if they were not abided by private citizens, and a city without laws would not remain intact for very long. Socrates also thought he would be harming the condition of his soul by escaping. He thought his soul would be harmed because he assumed that by harming the city he would be also harming his soul. Being responsible for harm to others is something that causes harm to ones soul. He also would have suffered harm to his soul because he broke an agreement. He made a tacit agreement to follow the laws of Athens because he lived under them for seventy years, raised his children under them, and did not try to persuade t he city to change them. Socrates himself points out that this is an incorrect assumption. He says that Crito overlooks the possibility that his friends would be both willing and capable of bringing his children up. If he were to escape, he does not think it would be in his childrens best interest to raise them there, because there they would be considered foreigners. If he escaped he would ask his friends to take care of his children in Athens, and there is no reason why they should take care of them if he escapes but not if he dies. Those who were known to have aided him in making his escape would be driven into exile or lose their property and be deprived of citizenship. If he should go to one of the neighboring cities, such as Thebes or Megara, he would be regarded as an enemy and all of their patriotic citizens would look at him poorly. In addition, they would argue that anyone who has broken the laws would also be a corrupter of the young and foolish portion of humanity. If Socrates should go away from well-governed states to Critos friends, his reception there would be no better, for the people would ridicule him for preaching sentiments about justice and virtue but then betraying all that he has taught in order to gain a little longer life. By refusing to escape, Socrates can depart from this life in innocence, a sufferer and not a doer of evil, and a victim, not of the laws but of men. On the other hand, if he chooses to break the covenants and agreements he has made, the citizens of the state, including his own friends, will despise him.

A Proposal to End Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction Alcoholism Ess

A Proposal to End Alcoholism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today's day and age, people are beginning to have more and more problems with things that barely even impacted on our world many years ago. Sometimes, however, people don?t even realize that they have a problem and are disturbing not only other people, but also themselves. Alcoholic beverages have slowly wedged themselves into today's society as something that is causing many people problems and drama in their lives. A problem like alcoholism is something that should, and can be, stopped and controlled. With today's modernization and rapid increase of knowledge of medicine and the human body, I have created an idea that could possibly stop the problem of drinking, and the addiction that it creates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol is considered a drug for multiple reasons. People, when under the influence, can get either very angry, or are all-around happy people. However, it usually unfolds in the event that when they become happy drunks, they become very grumpy and mean people when they are sober, usually looking for getting more alcohol. Alcohol also ruins people?s bodies, especially their liver. It can impact their body so much that it sometimes brings them to death. People also make very un-educated decisions when they are drinking, and sometimes even when they are sober. When people are under the influence of alcohol, they make bad decisions like driving, even though they can?t see straight, becoming loud, and sometimes even too rowdy. However, ev...

Islamic Law Essay

Quran and Sunnah are the fundamental sources of Islamic Shariah. When the solution to the arising problems is not available in these sources, Ijtihad is used to reach an appropriate solution in Islamic jurisprudence. Secondary sources of Islamic Shariah like Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah are also forms of Ijtihad. These secondary sources provide a sequence and a data base to the Mujtahid to reach to a solution of a problem in the most appropriate way and at the same time assist in formulation of Islamic law and development of system of Shariah as a whole. Introduction Quran and Sunnah (in the form of Hadith) are the two fundamental sources of Shariah. Generally the definition and acceptability of all other sources of Shariah varies in various sects of Islam. According to Sunni school of thought, the fundamental sources of Islam include Quran, Sunnah and Ijtihad, whereas according to Shiite school of thought, Quran and Sunnah are the only authentic sources of Shariah and Ijtihad can only be a contributing factor and that too only in some circumstances. Ijtihad can be defined as use of one’s own utmost abilities in deriving secondary opinions from the four fundamental sources of Islamic law, namely Quran, Sunnah, Ijma and Qiyas†. Can the Secondary Sources be Characterized as Forms of Ijtihad In the eyes of majority of Muslim scholars, especially Sunni Muslims, all the secondary sources including Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah are forms   of Ijtihad. Rather all these secondary sources in one form or the other contribute towards Ijtihad. For example, in case of an event for which no authentic proof is available in Quran and Sunnah, the only option available is Ijtaihad. This Ijtaihad will either be supported by consensus of different learned scholars of Islam, or it will be done by comparing and drawing similarities or differences in the different events of past which occurred during the times of Prophet or His companions. In case no previous event is available, and consensus does not occur among the scholars on the issue, then the only way out is to either look for the ‘good by one’s own deliberations’ (Istihsan) or to determine what is in the interests of human welfare (Istislah or Maslahah). Therefore, it will not be wrong to say that all the four secondary sources can be characterized as forms of Ijtihad and all contribute towards it. Importance of Having so Many Different Sources to Represent Ijtihad Ijtihad is a very complex phenomenon and that is why, very strict criteria have been set in Islam for a person to be a Mujtahid. Therefore, while making a judgment a Mujtahid needs to evaluate the available data before he proceeds to make a judgment. Now the most authentic and fundamental sources i. e. Quran and Sunnah have already been ruled out for the reason that if a solution was present is those sources, there was no need for Ijtihad. In the absence of those two sources, a Mujtahid needs some additional sources in order to formulate the judgment, though Quran and Sunnah must be kept at the back of the mind. These additional sources like Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah provide the Mujtahid with a data base and a sequence to analyze the event and lead him logically to an acceptable solution which is not conflicting with the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. Therefore, it is extremely important to have multiple sources to represent Ijtihad. Importance of Secondary Sources in Creating Law and Development of System of Shariah While studying the Islamic law, one must keep in mind that the times have changed a lot since the era of Prophet Muhammad and with the passage of time many situations came up which were not there in the times of Prophet. For example in the times of Prophet, there was not concept of photography and only thing that was available was â€Å"Tasweer† that is the hand painted pictures and the person who made those pictures was known as â€Å"Mussawir†. The Prophet prohibited the â€Å"Tasweer† in that time and He was quoted as saying that a person who will make a â€Å"Tasweer† will be asked on the Day of Judgment to bring life into that â€Å"Tasweer†. Today, we know that in the present era photography is a compulsion in passport and identity cards etc. Therefore, Islamic scholars reached a conclusion through Ijtihad that what was prohibited was â€Å"Tasweer| and not the photography. Photography, as per modern science, is actually the image preserved on a paper and even the companions of the Prophet used to see the image in mirror or in the water, so according to scholars, it is not prohibited in Islam. Similarly there are many other problems which needed solution in the present time due to modernization and advent of technology. If these secondary sources were not used in creation of Islamic law, the Islamic law will become stagnant and will not be able to meet the requirements of changing scenario and modern developments of science and technology. Hence, the basis characteristics of these secondary sources i. e. consensus, measurement and comparison, equity and public policy are all extremely important in formulation of Islamic law. Side by side, it will also help in development of system of Shariah as a whole so as to meet the requirement of pragmatism, practicality and need of the changing times. Conclusion According to Holy Quran, Prophet Muhammad has been sent as a Prophet for whole universe and this is not possible till the time his teachings are applicable to all the times. This applicability for all the times is only possible if the teachings can be interpreted according to changing times. All this is only possible through these secondary sources, if used correctly in accordance with the basic teachings of Quran and Sunnah. Hence, these secondary sources are part and parcel of Islamic law and must be taken as such. References References have not been cited as per the requirement of the client. Original language has been used without quotations.

Cellular Mobile System Capacity influenced by Handoff protection strategies The WritePass Journal

Cellular Mobile System Capacity influenced by Handoff protection strategies ABSTRACT: Cellular Mobile System Capacity influenced by Handoff protection strategies ABSTRACT:INTRODUCTION:1. BACKGROUNDS:1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:2. Current status and development of research:2.1 Literature survey:2.2 EVALUVATION:2.3 OUTLOOK:REFERENCES:Related ABSTRACT: Today, there   is a large number of mobile user groups and In that, the need of   service of mobile user group   plays a great dispute on the utilization of bandwidth. The radio frequency spectrum is an inadequate resource, to improve service quality and system capacity radio spectrum should be carefully planned. Research is carried out to improve system capacity and service quality. Admission capability is highlighted by the system capacity and the service quality relates to the connection continuity. This proposal reveals the impact of protection, which is used to improve   the strength of the   capacity of cellular mobile systems. Traffic model is established by using the mobility characteristics of the real world. The relation between admission capability and channel reservation is given by the markov’s approach. The proposed dynamic reservation scheme is proposed to provide handoff coordination between the service quality and system capacity. INTRODUCTION: The evolution of cellular mobile systems began with the first generation (1G) cellular systems introduction, and pass on through second generation (2G) and continuing third generation (3G ), featuring the development into the fourth generation (4G) systems. This generation systems are divided based upon the coding, modulation, and multiple access techniques which are used. First public mobile telephone system (MTS) began operation in 25 American cities. In this system contains an efficient transmitter on tall building with in the city and the   permanent single channel is assigned to mobile cellular phone   for sending and receiving data through the concept of push-to-talk. Late 1960s, improved MTS(IMTS) implemented and dual channels for sending and receiving the data. In the starting of   cellular mobile systems there very few number of users. In New York, 12 calls only simultaneously supported over 1000 square mile area. In 1968, Bell laboratories demonstrated the concept of   cellular system. In the cellular concept contains 2-way communication. This type of communication used hexagonal , N-cell frequency reuse pattern by using the intracellular mobile stations (MS), which are controlled by a base station (BS). The factors which improve the capacity of cellular system are handoff, frequency reuse and sectorization . By decreasing the power of BS in the cell, in another BS the particular frequency can be reused which is remotely far away. Handoff between stations intensively increases the flexibility provided to the customer. This in turn improves the capacity and user access area is also expanded. signal processing technology   and very large scale integration (VLSI) were   developed in 1980s, which paved the route for the digital era. In this generation digital signal processor are used for the 2G cellular. ASICs are used, which reduced the size of mobile phones and new signal processing   features. Second generation systems are of digital nature, which offered   elementary data services and improved voice quality compared to that of previous generation. 2G systems were designed for the improvement of communication. In 1G radio signals are analog where as in 2G systems radio signals are digital. 2G systems are mainly developed into the CDMA and TDMA systems based on the type of multiplexing is used. in less popular areas digital signals are not reaching the tower. In digital signal call completely fails to connect when the signal strength is less, where as in analog systems it used to gradually drop. 3G is the generation of mobile phones and telecommunications. In 3G different countries used different types of radio interfaces. Mainly used radio interface is W-CDMA, FDMA is also used in this generation. 3G has various application such as mobile tv, video demand, video conferencing etc. In this generation the users increased enormously, the demand for channels also increased. The main impact on the system capacity and quality of service provided by the service provider. Researches where conducted to increase the system capacity and to decrease the call failing during the handoff. The main issue of the mobile system is the design. Radio spectrum is limited, which must be shared by several users. Each is cell is allocated with the portion of the total frequency of the spectrum. Users in the particular cell can use the channel allocated to that cell. Different cells can use the same channel separated by the minimum distance between the cells because to reduce the co-channel interference. There are three types of channel allocation techniques, they are fixed channel allocation, dynamic channel allocation, hybrid channel allocation. 1. BACKGROUNDS: In cellular systems, the number of mobile systems under a base station is random and time varying. The users of mobile systems move between cells, so there will be variations in the number of users under the particular base station. So there are lots of variations which causes the traffic and handoff of mobile systems. In the third generation mobile communication systems there is lot of research work is carrying. The objective of the research is to offer personalized and integrated services for the mobile users with the service quality than that of fixed users. In the third generation there is lot of demand for the personal communication, there is explosive growth of the user community because its available for affordable price. Increase in the   mobile customers and the   need   of   diversity   will be a great challenge to utilize the bandwidth. The radio spectrum is limited it should be carefully planned for the usage. The research work on radio channel allocation mainly focuses on the admission capability and connection continuity. It gives out the compressed channel exploitation , which in turn maximizes the number of channels. If there is any special variation in requirement of the service, full admission capacity can’t   be achieved by fixed channel allocation [1]. We are considering the dynamic channel allocation (DCA)[2]due to this service request imbalance. In DCA, channels are allocated according to the service requests distribution and load sharing also improve the   user admission capacity. 1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: The initial connection requests to start new calls are considered to improve the user accommodation capability. Accommodation capacity is based upon the admission capability of new user. Since the user moves around, its needed to establish the connection many number of times with in a single call duration. The user accommodation capacity also depends upon the connection continuity. Impulsive call break takes place when a cellular mobile user transfers from its serving cell into a new one [8], but it is not sure that channel is assigned in the different cell to remain in connection. Protecting the connection continuity is studied extensively. The basic techniques which are used to establish connection continuity for mobile users include guard channel[3], predictive channel reservation and handoff queuing. The other techniques of   handoff   protection are subrating, channel sharing and channel carrying [4]. Handoff protection strategy acquire pessimistic effect on the new user admission. The intake of new users in to the system are reduced by the priority based handoff protection schemes   such as guard channel, handoff queuing, and predictive channel reservation. particular portion of the available channels are confined to only the new users by the Guard channel , so guard channel elimination on the new user admission is apparent. Smaller impact on the new user admission is the advantage of handoff queuing over the guard channel. Assume, both handoff queuing and guard channel techniques contains the equal number of   nominal channels, the over lapping cell structure infatuated by handoff queuing, which   leads to the higher   channel density than guard channel. So the minimum impact of the channel queuing can be attributed to the increase number of nominal channels. To differentiate   these   techniques, let us observe the case   which is   similar channel set is deploy ed to envelop the same service area with implementation of   the two strategies respectively. The cell Overlapping layout demands a huge amount of the reuse factor in order to continue the co-channel interference distance, compared to that of guard channel strategy   only fewer nominal channels per cell present in the handoff queuing strategy, since the other technique does not need   the cell overlapping structure. Both the number of guard channels and non-guard channels may be equal. Equal level of handoff protection can be achieved by substituting guarded channels for handoff queuing. Due to exchange problems in handoff queuing , new call admission capability and handoff protection cont be realized. though reservation channels are not properly used, new users are blocked by the predictive channel reservation. New user admission capability consists of some   disadvantages because of handoff protection. In order to over come these constrains researches investigated chances for better providing handoff protection. In [5] Oh and Tcha introduced the division of nominal channels to protect and unprotect channel sets in order to minimize the handoff failure. Therefore a predefined grade of service satisfies the expected results for the   above proposed division of nominal channels. The functioning of handoff protection and new user admission is affected due to adding or removing the guard channels. If the handoff requests are less then the new users access guard channel because of dynamic channel allocation[7]. 2. Current status and development of research: 2.1 Literature survey: If   an user being engaged in a call connection, then he said to be active. The   number of   factors influence the active time that include walking or driving, speed, impediment and delay at street intersections, traffic density around, shopping intensions and so on. For this dwelling time   negative exponential function is good approximation to the probability distribution   through the assumption of various factors. when an active mobile user   found to be approaching cell boundary, then the   Channel reservation for handoff   is conducted. The speed and position of active mobile user are monitored to calculate the remaining time left connection with the particular current cell. If the remaining time falls below threshold is known as channel reservation interval ( CRI). After confirming the the intention of transfer of the call to the new cell, target cell receives the request for the channel reservation. if there is any ideal channel in the target cell then it is reserved and it is known as locked which means temporarily it cont be used by any other. If in the target cell does not contain any free channels then the reservation request will be in a queue. After   channel is emptied   in the target cell, the request queue searches   to find any requests which are to be processed. The   request   leaves the queue by assigning it to the free channel. A released channel remains to be free until next channel requests for it when an queue is empty. After sending the reservation request the mobile user can end this current call connection. In this situation the target cell receives reservation cancellation request from the user. After receiving a cancellation request the locked channel will be released by the the target cell after processing corresponding reservation request. We assume CRI to be accurate enough that call completion is the single account for a mobile user not to show up at ending of the CRI. If channel has been reserved to take it over or blocked for mobile user, then the target cell handoff will be successful. Whereas in the previous cases the mobile user continues its call on the new channel until leaving or call completion while in the later on into termination [8], since new call is not prioritized, if a free channel exists then new user will be accepted or else it is blocked and cleared from the system. The follo wing figure describes the working process of reservation admission in the flowchart. Markov Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A markov model is implemented for analysis of the some of active channels and the number of reservation requests which are to be processed. Consider   for each cell C   number of channels are allocated   and buffer size limit for requesting queue is S. The transition rates of the neighbouring channels are obtained as follows. Before channel reduction new calls and handoff calls are entertained, consider the gross arrival rate as the transition rate.   When a handoff call reserves one channel for later use, immediately new call takes one channel for the later use. Whenever all channels have been occupied new call is rejected and reservation request is queued upto maximum length of S, which in result get a transition rate equal to the arrival rate of the channel reservation requests only. Reservation of a channel extends the channel holding time from channel utilization interval(CUI) to channel occupation interval (COI). COI is also assumed that it is exponentially distributed, the mean value of which is obtained by[8] The expected value of the inactive period of a reserved channel before the   utilization of channel is known as the dormant period, dormant period is stated dependent that longer dormancy can be expected and written as [8] The average dormant time on state n is given as [8] Let Fx(t) is considered as the cpd (Cumulative probability distribution ) of the time interval before the ( X + 1)th channel release. The Fx(t) can be written as Fx(t) [8] We   canapproximate the sojurn of a request in the queue, which has   to be exponentially distributed to give out a time independent request. The   living rate that has the value equal to 1/Tcri. The state probabilities are given by 2.2 EVALUVATION: Traffic model supports assures mobility properties and certain geometry in real-world cell plan. Where as manhattan model considers a classic city scenario which is regarded as by the   association of buildings, big structures with streets. In the manhattan model the connection distracts, when a mobile user roams in the streets, a street corner and suffers a sharp signal strength path loss. Handoff protection with prudent channel usage decreases the user accommodation capacity. In the markov approach, accommodation capacity is evaluvated by using the single over the entire system. 2.3 OUTLOOK: In this paper, we have discussed the impact of   on capacity of the cellular mobile systems by the channel reservation. A user should receive un disrupted service through out the life time   after admission which is known as capacity. By using the handoff protection, capability of new user admission increases to that of connection continuity. user accommodation capacity is weakened by handoff protection. Which indicates system capacity and service quality are conflicting objectives. So tradeoff is cont be eliminated. Our further research to be carried out on channel reservation with out degrading the system capacity REFERENCES: [1] S.Jordan and A.Khan, â€Å"A Performance bound on dynamic channel allocation in cellular systems: equal load†. [2] D.Everitt and N. MacFayden, â€Å"analysis of multicellular mobile radio telephone systems with loss.† [3] K. Yeung and T.S. Yum, â€Å"Compact pattern based dynamic channel assignment for cellular mobile systems.† [4] â€Å"channel carrying: A novel handoff scheme for mobile cellular networks.† [5] S. H. Oh and D. W. Tcha, â€Å"prioritized channel assignment in a cellular radio network.† [6] F. A. Cruz-Perez, D. Lara-Rodriguez and M. Lara â€Å" fractional channel reservation in mobile communication systems.† [7] Y. C. Kim, D. E. Lee, B. J. Lee, Y. S. Kim, and B. Mukherjee, â€Å"Dynamic channel reservation based on mobility in wireless ATM networks.† [8] Yi Xu, Quan Long Ding, Chi Chung Ko, â€Å"impact of handoff protection strategies on cellular mobile system capacity.†

Free Essays on Feng Shuia

When you walk into Cathleen McCandless’ home, one word comes to mind- soothing. This instant, comfortable feeling is no accident- Cathleen is a certified Feng Shui consultant, and she uses the principles of Feng Shui to improve virtually every aspect of her life, from her career to her health. Many of you have heard of or even dabbled in Feng Shui. What is it exactly? Is it just another superstitious fad that promises to improve your life by hanging crystals? Authentic, compass Feng Shui, when used properly, can dramatically improve your life. Feng Shui (pronounced fung shway) is the 3,000 year-old Chinese science of environmental placement. When the principles of Feng Shui are used properly, people report improved health, relationships, increased happiness, and greater prosperity. Cathleen reports that Feng Shui was originally â€Å"the domain of the aristocracy† and they used it to retain their power and keep the commoners at a low level. They kept Feng Shui a secret and disseminated misinformation to keep the commoners where they were. Cathleen also tells us that â€Å"unfortunately, some of the current Feng Shui schools are based on some of this misinformation, so this is a dichotomy in my profession right now, so what we want to do is get back to the pure Feng Shui.† The authentic Feng Shui is based on compass direction and is the â€Å"study of the environment and how it affects people.† Many people employ Feng Shui principles. The entire business district in Hong Kong is based on them. Donald Trump regularly uses a Feng Shui consultant to help him with his business dealings, and many of Cathleen’s business clients report that, after their consultations, the finances and success of their companies greatly improve. Employee morale and work productions also increase. With this in mind, how can you use your home to tap into the power of Feng Shui? Your home functions as a metaphor for what you want to achieve in yo... Free Essays on Feng Shuia Free Essays on Feng Shuia When you walk into Cathleen McCandless’ home, one word comes to mind- soothing. This instant, comfortable feeling is no accident- Cathleen is a certified Feng Shui consultant, and she uses the principles of Feng Shui to improve virtually every aspect of her life, from her career to her health. Many of you have heard of or even dabbled in Feng Shui. What is it exactly? Is it just another superstitious fad that promises to improve your life by hanging crystals? Authentic, compass Feng Shui, when used properly, can dramatically improve your life. Feng Shui (pronounced fung shway) is the 3,000 year-old Chinese science of environmental placement. When the principles of Feng Shui are used properly, people report improved health, relationships, increased happiness, and greater prosperity. Cathleen reports that Feng Shui was originally â€Å"the domain of the aristocracy† and they used it to retain their power and keep the commoners at a low level. They kept Feng Shui a secret and disseminated misinformation to keep the commoners where they were. Cathleen also tells us that â€Å"unfortunately, some of the current Feng Shui schools are based on some of this misinformation, so this is a dichotomy in my profession right now, so what we want to do is get back to the pure Feng Shui.† The authentic Feng Shui is based on compass direction and is the â€Å"study of the environment and how it affects people.† Many people employ Feng Shui principles. The entire business district in Hong Kong is based on them. Donald Trump regularly uses a Feng Shui consultant to help him with his business dealings, and many of Cathleen’s business clients report that, after their consultations, the finances and success of their companies greatly improve. Employee morale and work productions also increase. With this in mind, how can you use your home to tap into the power of Feng Shui? Your home functions as a metaphor for what you want to achieve in yo...

Wal-Mart and Target Essay Example

Wal Wal-Mart and Target Essay Wal-Mart and Target Essay SIC codes can be used to bring together companies that produce similar products or services. Wal-Mart and Target are part of SIC Code 5331 for Variety Stores along with other major companies like Costco, K-Mart, and Dollar General (Osha. gov, 2005). The Arkansas-based Wal-Mart tops the list as the nations largest retailer with 2003 sales of $258. 68 billion, an 11. 7 percent increase over the previous year (Melody Vargas, 2005). A financial statement includes a companys revenue. Typically the revenue listed in the financial statement covers a period of 12 consecutive months. Cost and expenses, which indicate a companys cost of sales, operating, selling and administrative costs. Assets are also listed in a financial statement. The assets provide more information about the value of the property the company owns. For example, the cash on hand the company has property, plant and equipment, prepaid expenses. Wal-Marts Audit Committee consists of four directors. The members of the Committee are Steve Friedman, Roland Hernandez, who is the Committees chair, Dr. Fred Humphries and Dr. Paula Stern (Issue watch, 2001). Wal-Marts management is responsible for Wal-Marts internal controls and financial reporting. Ernst Young LLP, Wal-Marts independent auditors, are responsible for auditing Wal-Marts annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and for issuing a report on those financial statements (Issue watch, 2001). The Audit Committee monitors and oversees these processes, and recommends to the Board for its approval a firm of certified independent accountants to be Wal-Marts independent auditors (Issue watch, 2001). According to Targets 2004 annual financial statement, management is responsible for the consistency and integrity of the information in the annual report. Target claims to maintain comprehensive systems of internal controls that they believe provide reasonable assurance (Target. com, 2005). Targets financial statements have been audited by Earnest and Young LLP, an independent public accounting firm (Target. com, 2005) Wal-Mart and Target can be compared on various similarities but there are definitely some distinctive differences. Stock information is one differentiation between the two. According to Market watch Target Corporation today has reported that the companys net sales increased 11. 4%. This increase is shown in their revenue increase from 3. 866 billion to 4. 306 billion. Target retail store sales increased 5. 6%. In comparison Wal-Mart experienced an increase as well. According to second quarter reporting there was a 2. 8 billion dollar increase for the second quarter 2005. Net sales for 2005 were 76. 8 billion with a 10. 2 % increase. Wal-Mart CEO and President stated, I am proud that the hard work of our associates allowed us to report another record quarter (Marketwatch. com). The dividends declared per common share ranged over a period of 3 three-month quarters from $0. 09 to $ 0. 52. The footnotes indicated during the first quarter of fiscal 2005, the companys board of directors declared an annual dividend of $0. 52 per share, or $2. 2 billion, on shares of the companys common stock (Edgar Online, 2005). NYSE is the stock index on which both companies are traded on. They can be identified on the stock exchange be there stock ticker symbols. Target is TGT, and Wal-Mart is reported as WMT. Both companies have experienced and increase in stock prices. Currently Target is 52. 55, with a daily high of 52. 85 and a low of 52. 25. The stock opened on 11 October at 52. 22. Target stock prices have risen . 33 cents or 0. 63%. Wal-Mart is marketed at 45. 25 also having a daily high of 45. 20 and low of 44. 55. Wal-Mart current stock price is now up about . 51 cents or, 1. 2 %. Both companies have been able to provide dividends to their shareholders. Wal-Mart and Target show similarities in that each of them reflected in their financial statements that they both have common, preferred and treasury stocks. According to the stock quote listed at Investorsguide. com, Wal-Mart currently has $4. 15 billion outstanding shares of common stock. The 2005 Annual Report for Wal-Mart Stores indicates that after considerations were primarily given to the companys cash needs, cost of borrowing, and the market price of its stock, $4. 5 billion of common stock was repurchased by the company during fiscal 2005. As of October 10, 2005, Target Corporations outstanding stock is $884. 66 million (Investorsguide. com, 2005). In January 2005, Target authorized 6,000,000,000 common stock shares and 5,000,000 preferred stock shares, although at the time, none of the preferred stock shares were issued or outstanding, and no current information was available from this source (investors. target. com). Targets Board of Directors also initiated a repurchase plan of $3 billion of common stock back in June of 2004. With so much negative publicity it is not unlikely that Wal-Mart stock would not be doing extremely well. It seems as though Wal-Marts stock continues to decline while Target is on the incline with Wal-Marts 52 week high at 57. 89 which was on November 15,2004 and the 52 week low at 42. 31 on September 22,2005. On the contrary Targets 52 week high is at 60. 00,their high was recent on July 20,2005, with the 52 week low being at 45. 55 on April 29,2005. After conducting brief examinations of each companys financial standings, there were no indications of outstanding bonds for either company. Based on the information provided and reflected in the preceding paragraphs, it is concluded that both of these companys are definitely doing big business. Whether the consumer decides to shop Target or Wal-Mart is a matter of preference. Wal-Mart prides itself on one stop shopping with the super Wal-Mart offering everything from groceries to car tires. Target on the other hand draws thousands of customers weekly and still remains a force to be recognized in the specialty retail arena. Each company has an impressive financial report and would likely make a good investment option.

Economics for Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics for Business - Assignment Example This makes micro- economic environment more popular among industries which involves influencing of choice through interaction. Thus, micro- economic approach is usually adopted in educational institutions, hospitals and different charitable organizations. External market environment is much dependent on usage of resources. A supportive and adaptive micro- economic environment results in utility maximization as far as consumers are concerned, but most importantly it contributes in profit maximization of firms. By adopting micro- economic approach, business organizations could effectively manage their resource allocation among alternative possibilities. 1Since social trends and customs affect choices of people, organizations require using their resources in a much practical terms. In present times, market mechanisms are merged with state intervention. 1.2 Business objectives are important for numerous reasons. Profit making: Earning profit is the elementary objective of any business. P rofit is earned through a series of business activities. Profit making can further be categorized as ‘maximum profit’ and ‘sufficient profit’. While the former concept supports generation of artificial deficiency, excessive price hikes, adulteration, etc, the later one focuses more on sustenance, prestige and recognition, development and growth of business. In present times, most business organizations adopt the path of sustainable development merged with profit maximization objectives. Creation of customers: Irrespective of type or expansion, every business must expand their customer base. Creation of customer implies generation of potential customers. Amount of such creation is directly proportional to profit making of organization. Thus, customer base is a major determinant in framing of organizational profit- maximizing policies. Advertisements, pricing strategy, and superior quality of goods and services are popular approaches for generation of potenti al customer base. Ensuring customer satisfaction results in customer retention. Innovation: Innovation is the latest mantra in modern business scenario. Changing trends and mindsets have made people more cautious and aware about the goods and services they are purchasing. Thus, marked research, use of newer technologies, customized facilities, and varieties of products have become indispensible for modern customers. Presently, organizations are finding out ways to make use of old products in production of new ones. This contributes in satisfaction quotient of customers belonging to different age groups. Thus, from economic perspective, innovation is as important as marketing, promotion, finance and other business activities. Innovation definitely helps in expansion of business2 Scientific management is the cornerstone of business behavior of modern firms. Every organization maintains certain codes or behavioral principles. Business policy, policy implementation as well as overall be havior of a business depends on numerous aspects. Some of these are- business objective, hierarchy, span of control, labor division and specialization, managerial authority and responsibility, coherence and connection between

Living and Working in a Hypermedia World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Living and Working in a Hypermedia World - Essay Example Living and Working in a Hypermedia World What this means is that we will be living in a hypermedia world, and this will affect every corner of every aspect of our lives. The connection of billions of sites with social networks has been going on for some time now. Every commercial site wants to leverage the access to social networks and asks visitors to â€Å"like† them or log in using their FaceBook or other social network logon. The next step is to connect devices beyond smartphones and tablets, such as embedded chips in home appliances, automobiles and building systems (Research ). Social and machine data will be travelling the same routes synchronizing and upgrading the world. Literally every working machine will sport a chip to send and receive data over the Internet. Devices that control home environments and appliances will only be part of the mix. The media giants are planning to converge with their audiences. Voice controls will be everywhere, and libraries of books, magazines, videos and movies are already stored in the cloud for universal access. These are all available on home computer, tables, laptops, smartphones and smart TVs. Virtually anything equipped with a screen can be streamed to and listened to on Bluetooth headsets or speakers attached or wireless. Onstream Media CEO Randy Selman boasts that more than half of the Fortune 1000 are their customers (Kleinmann 87-87)(Kleinmann 87-87). Virtually all financial institutions are gearing up to offer total remote service via smart devices for their highly mobile populations. Paying for vending machine goods and various entry and travel tickets have been set up to connect with smart devices for some time now, and banks, S&Ls and brokers are jumping in not to be left behind by more cutting edge organizations, such as ING Direct and Netbank (Kleinmann 87-87). Other businesses are either in the second round of rethinking their Internet use, after initial dotcoms and second wave interactive sites they are all moving into social ne tworking, and social networking is mushrooming out of control. Maybe that’s a good thing. One cannot be certain at this point. People tend to prefer order to chaos, but chaos is also much more anonymous. So people flocked to what they thought was an anonymous medium due to the very vastness of the resources stored there. However, search engines are getting better and people who want to make money are getting craftier about sorting through it. The Internet represents ordered chaos, as it changes every nanosecond, but everything on it seems to be immortal. We have more knowledge (data in human usable form) available today on our little smartphones than existed in all the world’s libraries a century ago. The most valuable skill for the future will be the ability to find what one needs in this planet of data. The Internet not only survived 9/11, but it was the best available communications network in the US at that time. TV and radio news was â€Å"filtered†, phone and cell phone networks crashed, but the Internet stayed up and running, routing and rerouting around every bottleneck and crashed server . The messages all went through, even to recipients who could no longer receive them. The Internet has shown it is robust due to its wide dissemination and connected isolation. Each node on the Internet is separate, running on a different physical server and part of thousands of backbones. However, they are also all connected when running.

Performance Analysis in Sport (Physiological profiling) Essay

Performance Analysis in Sport (Physiological profiling) - Essay Example This helps in creating training programs that are efficient and reliable in improving the performance of soccer players (Subic, Ujihashi and Fuss, 2008). The various tests done on soccer players must reflect the fitness requirements for these players, which includes speed, flexibility, aerobic endurance and speed endurance. This paper provides the physiological profile of a soccer player, and it focuses on the profile of a striker. A good body shape, weight, body composition and height is a physiological needs that professional football players usually need. Football players usually vary in height and weight, more so when ethnic backgrounds are considered. For example, research proves that Asian players are always small in size, when they are compared to European or African players. In soccer, mid-fielders are always smaller in size, while central defenders are always taller in size. In terms of weight, research denotes that professional football players normally have an average weight of 77.7kg, while their body shape is always muscular (Burke and Deakin, 2010). The body composition of these players is very important, because too much fat will affect their ability to move fast, and jump around. This is due to too much weight in their body. On this basis, footballers must always take care on what they eat, and the nutritional composition of their diets. Football players always need to have strong muscle strength (Gamble, 2012). Due to the muscular body shape of soccer players, they need to have strength on the upper parts of their bodies. In as much as this should be the case, research denotes that most of these players lack this type of strength. This is partly because most of their training programs do not have provisions on working on their upper parts of the body. Most of these programs concentrate on the lower parts of the footballers body (Madden, 2010). Need for an anaerobic power is an important need for

Companies would benefit from using a multidomesric [polycentric] Essay

Companies would benefit from using a multidomesric [polycentric] strategy in prefernce to a global marketing strategy [Anon] Discuss - Essay Example eriod of time since Dunning (1977) has driven home the point of why and how does a Multinational Enterprises (MNE) obtain this advantage away from their home bases. He developed the eclectic paradigm that explains the various factors that influence the MNE’s to decide on Internationalization through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Globalisation has become a necessity for companies in search of competitive advantage (Porter 1980). This has meant shifting of operations, especially production to other countries in preference over home countries. There is a twin objective for companies to go global; the first is to find new and cost effective production centres and the second is to find new markets. Motives for locating Production away from home countries may be summarised in a categorization formulated by Behrman (1972). The classification identifies four types of multinational activity; the resource seekers, the market seekers, efficiency seekers and strategic asset or capability seekers. The market versus hierarchy organisation of production (internalisation) was modified by the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1980; 1988a; 1988b) who has evaluated Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in terms of ownership, location and internalisation (OLI). Market and Resource seeking motives have been the two most recognised categories of motives (Dunning 2000). These two are the main reasons for most first time internationalisation attempts by firms. It often happens that resources fall short in the home country which limit growth of firms and in turn maces them inefficient, whereas the required resources may be readily available abroad. This would tempt the firm to go international for just the reason of acquiring resources to become competitive in the home market. Many an MNE have exploited cheaper labour and raw material abroad for reducing costs of their products for sale in the home countries. This has direct bearing on the profits of the company. Most Western companies

Given what you have learned about the demcocratic Essay

Given what you have learned about the demcocratic - Essay Example He commissions and controls the armed forces. The monarch government also can call elections regardless of the will of the public. She or he delivers powers directly within her choice and her personal influence is not opposed by anyone. The modern monarchy otherwise recommends the queen to be advised and guided by the ministers she is working closely with (Bradley and Ewing 2011, 198). In a democratic state, every citizen of that state has all the essential rights to decide which type of government he or she wants. The citizens have the sovereign power and will to choose which types of leaders and government they want. Democracy has principles and practices that are specific to it. These principles distinguish it from other forms of government. The citizens to that country possess all the civic responsibility and power to either directly or indirectly exercise their electoral rights. Democracy has its foundation that the majority always rules. What the majority wills and opts for is respected and their rights are supported as well (Bradley and Ewing 103). This refers to the aspect of a government dividing up its responsibilities among distinctive arms. This is advantageous as one arm would not dominate over others by concentrating the core responsibilities and functions to itself. The power is distributed among the branches or so called the arms. The main reason for this is so that an evaluation of performance could be easily done. Incase of any deviations from the expectations of the public, possible corrections could be easily made (Carroll 2013, 105). Under the model instituted by Charles Louis, he divided democracy into three arms (Carroll 111). From his view the political authority took the form of legislative, judicial or executive powers. He explained that to ensure effectiveness in the freedom given to citizens, then these three must be distinct and relate as separate powers, the legislative form pass laws that govern the state. They

West Indian Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

West Indian Literature - Essay Example The novel, narrated different stories of Caribbean ways of life, particularly in relation to the group’s attempt to create their self-identity on foreign lands. African-Caribbean cultural identity is demonstrated in the novel as an overall individual identity as well as attributed as a feature of the community. Moreover, African-Caribbean cultural identity, as illustrated in the novel, emphasized the commonalities among Afro-Caribbean people over time and across space. As shown by the different characters in the novels, identities have changed during periods of adjustment. For the individual, the repercussions are also reflective. There have been arrays of themes explored in the novel such as code switching and the importance of expressiveness, as well as other qualities of identity management. These can be viewed as components of the enduring and dynamic nature of identity as Afro-Caribbean preserve a sense of self while adapting to challenging situational difficulties. Furthermore, it can be assumed from the content of the novel that cultural identity will be more or less significant for individuals, particularly with respect to the Afro-Caribbean childrens’ worldview, and in specific circumstances. Hence, an Afro-Caribbean may be distressed by behaviour that pressures cultural id entity in a position in which this identity is not specifically prominent. To sum it up, the novel placed stress on these particular themes in the outlook of the Afro-Caribbean children: Afro-Caribbean children and youth, education, parenting styles, Afro-Caribbean comradeship, dating, and marital bonds Furthermore, one of the most exploited themes in Olive Senior’s novels is â€Å"gardening† as a symbol of the need for identity distinctions and dynamic communications, positioning the garden as a representation of an ambivalent past, breathing space of colonial segregation and postcolonial heredity. Race, gender and social

Companies would benefit from using a multidomesric [polycentric] Essay

Companies would benefit from using a multidomesric [polycentric] strategy in prefernce to a global marketing strategy [Anon] Discuss - Essay Example eriod of time since Dunning (1977) has driven home the point of why and how does a Multinational Enterprises (MNE) obtain this advantage away from their home bases. He developed the eclectic paradigm that explains the various factors that influence the MNE’s to decide on Internationalization through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Globalisation has become a necessity for companies in search of competitive advantage (Porter 1980). This has meant shifting of operations, especially production to other countries in preference over home countries. There is a twin objective for companies to go global; the first is to find new and cost effective production centres and the second is to find new markets. Motives for locating Production away from home countries may be summarised in a categorization formulated by Behrman (1972). The classification identifies four types of multinational activity; the resource seekers, the market seekers, efficiency seekers and strategic asset or capability seekers. The market versus hierarchy organisation of production (internalisation) was modified by the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1980; 1988a; 1988b) who has evaluated Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in terms of ownership, location and internalisation (OLI). Market and Resource seeking motives have been the two most recognised categories of motives (Dunning 2000). These two are the main reasons for most first time internationalisation attempts by firms. It often happens that resources fall short in the home country which limit growth of firms and in turn maces them inefficient, whereas the required resources may be readily available abroad. This would tempt the firm to go international for just the reason of acquiring resources to become competitive in the home market. Many an MNE have exploited cheaper labour and raw material abroad for reducing costs of their products for sale in the home countries. This has direct bearing on the profits of the company. Most Western companies

West Indian Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

West Indian Literature - Essay Example The novel, narrated different stories of Caribbean ways of life, particularly in relation to the group’s attempt to create their self-identity on foreign lands. African-Caribbean cultural identity is demonstrated in the novel as an overall individual identity as well as attributed as a feature of the community. Moreover, African-Caribbean cultural identity, as illustrated in the novel, emphasized the commonalities among Afro-Caribbean people over time and across space. As shown by the different characters in the novels, identities have changed during periods of adjustment. For the individual, the repercussions are also reflective. There have been arrays of themes explored in the novel such as code switching and the importance of expressiveness, as well as other qualities of identity management. These can be viewed as components of the enduring and dynamic nature of identity as Afro-Caribbean preserve a sense of self while adapting to challenging situational difficulties. Furthermore, it can be assumed from the content of the novel that cultural identity will be more or less significant for individuals, particularly with respect to the Afro-Caribbean childrens’ worldview, and in specific circumstances. Hence, an Afro-Caribbean may be distressed by behaviour that pressures cultural id entity in a position in which this identity is not specifically prominent. To sum it up, the novel placed stress on these particular themes in the outlook of the Afro-Caribbean children: Afro-Caribbean children and youth, education, parenting styles, Afro-Caribbean comradeship, dating, and marital bonds Furthermore, one of the most exploited themes in Olive Senior’s novels is â€Å"gardening† as a symbol of the need for identity distinctions and dynamic communications, positioning the garden as a representation of an ambivalent past, breathing space of colonial segregation and postcolonial heredity. Race, gender and social

Grade Speech Essay Example for Free

Grade Speech Essay From the minute the teacher mentioned the word SPEECHES i started to frown. I have never been a big fan speeches from the start, even though i have been doing them for a few years now i still have trouble with them. Whether its coming up with a topic, revising and editing, or presenting in front of the class i don’t like it one bit. But when you think of it who really does like doing speeches at are age. I have never met someone who has started jumping up and down cheering when they hear the teacher start talking about doing speeches. Or someone who started thinking yaaa i get stand up in front of all my friends and my classmates and talk about one subject for 5 to 6 minutes. But in the end we all have to do it one time or another. Knowing that I start thinking of different topics to do my speech on, and then i think why not do a speech on the very thing i have trouble with. Why not do a speech on doing a speech. So here’s my speech on speeches. The first step on creating your speech is too come up with a good topic. You wanna think of something that isn’t too boring. The last thing you want is to be standing there talking with half of the room falling asleep. You want a topic that is something your audience will find interesting or maybe something they can relate to. If your like me, coming up with the right topic to do your speech on can be challenging sometimes. So here are some things to keep in mind while finding a good topic for you. First thing is that the topic you choose has to be one that either you know a lot on or one that will be easy to research. If you cant get information on it then you wont have anything to talk about. Second thing to keep in mind is that you need to make sure the topic is appropriate for whatever audience you will be presenting to. Third thing is that another way to help think of a topic is to brainstorm. You can brainstorm many different ideas then choose the one you want to do most . The next part to do of the writhing section of your speech is the draft. this is one of the parts that takes the most work. The most important thing to keep in mind while writing your draft is that its a draft! A rough copy. You can go back and fix things later when you don’t like what u have written. There should be three parts to your speech. #1 the introduction. #2 the body. #3 the conclusion. The introduction is where it all starts. That’s where you have your opening sentence. You want your opening sentence to be something interesting that will grab the audiences attention and make them want to keep on listening to the speech. A good introduction is the way to start off a good speech the body of your speech is the middle. Its the biggest part of the whole thing. Then there’s your conclusion. Its the ending part of speech, the part where you Finnish up and conclude. Now its time to revise and edit.

Ethics Religion And Sustainable Production Marketing Essay

Ethics Religion And Sustainable Production Marketing Essay Building an efficient ethical supply chain requires applying strict measures which comprises of identifying, forming and maintaining good supplier relationship with both upstream and upstream. It is important that companies build a viable ethical supply chain as well encourage good working condition in accordance to existing labor laws in other improve brand image and build a strong reputation. In todays business world, building ethical supply chains is extremely vital as it also comes with a lot of benefits attached to the practice. Ethical supply chain is the practice of providing goods and services to customers while sure that the rule to ethical code is adhered to (Beamon, 2005) The world is becoming a global marketplace and companies must ensure that they have morally strong brand image and create a well trusted supply chain so as to add value not only to their brand but to their image in general, with the wide spread of internet and effective communication consumers are becoming aware of what is actually involve in production and distribution of goods and services. With the increasing rate of climate change people are becoming more conscious of how to care for the environment and the ways of how resources are being exploited. Interestingly, in these recent economic downturns big multinationals companies such as Kraft, Nestle and Starbucks have all managed to form strategic partnership with Rainforest Alliance for Ethical Sourcing of Coffee beans, according to (IGD.com, 2009) Kraft started working with Rainforest Alliance to show support as part of their contribution towards sustainability and helping the environment, shortly after gaining great experience Kraft successfully expanded more work with Rainforest Alliance and included other brands and with this, a total of 150,000 farmers benefited by gaining improved working conditions and better wages, they also helped to protect 70,000 acres of coffee farmland and helped protect rainforest plant and animal species as reported by (IGD.com, 2009) Nestle announced in 2005 to support sourcing its coffee beans ethically after bagging the title in the UK of being the most unethical company and partly responsible for driving down prices of coffee beans at the expense of poor small farmers, they decided to make a serious commitment to support Fair trade and fight poverty, invest in community projects such as improving schools and clinics, providing clean water and repairing roads. Fair Trade label is particularly strong and popular in the United Kingdom, The United States Starbucks made a pledge to make all of its popular espresso brand Fair Trade by the end of 2009 on the other hand, Nestlà © who happens to be a bigger brand with numerous has also join the bandwagon and made commitment to the mass consumer market like its number one rival Kraft, whose brands such as Maxwell house and Kenco has made sure all its coffee beans are from Rainforest Alliance certified farms. (Russell, 2009) Starbucks made a commitment to ethical sourcing in 2009, and has become one of the largest buyers of fair-trade coffee, they also made a decision to have 100% of its coffee certified or verified by an independent third party, such as TransFair USA. To show their commitment to the sustainability, they have planned to invest in communities by doubling loans to farmers by 2015. According to Starbucks, (starbucks.co.uk, 2011)responsibly grown, ethically traded coffee means working with farmers to produce coffee in ways that help provide benefits to their business, their communities and the environment. This falls in line with the Fair Trade objectives, which states that, coffee bean growers should be adequately compensated for their harvest. In addition, Fair Trades primary objectives is ensure that its sets standards for farmers organizations and labor are adhered to by all, they also work in the interest of small-scale producers and help them work in an organized manner, such as in a co-op and make sure all decisions are made democratically and not influenced. In Fair Trade, the farmers are allowed to form unions. While in the Rainforest Alliances standard, they do not get involved with the cooperation of farm workers, and are somewhat laidback. The Rainforest Alliance does not have any existing baseline premium for wages, and they only maintains the low wage bar set by local governments (Trauben, 2009) 2. According to research expert, (Johnson, 2010) who carried out a research in the UK to understand what consumers actually wants, in his studies he discovered that food is the most misunderstood area of public policy, as it accounts for 10% of household expenditure and is linked to 12% of employment, 70% of land use and 20% of energy use in the UK. He also mentioned that demand for food is higher than supply bearing in mind price, quality, availability and access such as logistics issues which play a very vital role in supply chain. (Doane, 2001) Defined ethical consumption as the purchase of a product that concerns a certain ethical issue human rights, labor conditions, animal well-being, and environment it is chosen freely by an individual consumer. With growing trends and change in lifestyle consumer behavior and expectations have changed, due to various issues which ranges from Self-interest to Purchasing Power. People are getting busier and barely have to cook and therefore have to rely on instant junk foods, maintaining a healthy diet is increasing becoming a difficult task but it is important to make sure that they consume ethically by making sure they are well informed of the food being sourced in a sustainable way. Sending out clear information to create awareness should be encouraged by the government so as to enable the food retailers provide more knowledge and give more information to improve the eating habit of consumers said the Chief Executive of Wm Morrison Supermarkets (Philips, 2010) it is the fourth biggest grocery retailer in the UK and has 479 stores with a strong focus on fresh products. However, having access to affordable healthy foods should be greatly encouraged and not excluded economically from enjoying healthy meals as these tends to be more expensive. With the recent economic downturn more people have very little disposable income to spend on buying food stuff as price for simple basic commodities such as rice witnessed an increase in price globally. (Philips, 2010) also said Key to the affordability of food is choice. Supermarkets offer wide choice in order not only to meet customers expectations but also to drive competition. This encourages innovation to help ensure excellent quality as well as to keep prices down. The conclusion of the research carried out by the (Johnson, 2010) is that consumers have growing expectations and it is the responsibility of the supermarkets to act sustainably, and not increase prices of more healthier foods, Fair trade products should be made affordable and serve as an economically sustainability initiative which helps the environment and must be backed by clear information and honest Fair Trade labeling of products so that consumers have clear knowledge of where the products originates from and the environmental impact. Consumers are becoming more aware of brands that practice responsible sourcing and procurement, carbon footprints and favorable ethical trade practices. Brands who adopt ethical sourcing are perceived as being environment friendly, these ethical firms avoid actions that may somewhat negatively influence, or appear to influence, supply management decisions for sourcing of resources. 3. Recommendations to help cure the ills of the coffee market would be as follows: a) Ethical Consumption should be encouraged in great measures so as to make consumers use their purchasing power as a means to change questionable ills of the coffee market business as well as the severe oversupply of low cost substandard coffee beans. According to (Jeremy, 2007) Fair Trade is defined as a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency, and respect that seek greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of marginalized producers and workers especially in the South. One complaint amongst many coffee drinkers is that the quality of Fair Trade coffee varies widely. The fact that the growers are guaranteed a minimum price for their product may have unintended consequences, one being that there is no incentive to improve quality. b) Reward companies that practice high ethical standards to set an example for other unethical companies to change their ways of doing business, for example according to a recent study carried out by (Remi Trudel et el, 2012) in trying to understand how much more would consumers be willing pay for an ethically produced product? and also how much less would consumers be willing to pay for the product they think is unethical? 97 coffee drinkers were radomly chosen for the experiment and were told about the companys production standards, the result from the experiment showed that people punished unethical goods with a bigger discount than they rewarded ethical ones with premiums. c) Consume authentic ethical products d) Always check labels and investigate popular brands to understand its history of productionand encourage fairness in labor.

Graduation Speech: We Must Give Back! :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

When I was asked to be your commencement speaker I figured it was my responsibility to say something so significant that it would help you make sense of what you have experienced over the last two years. I figured that I should answer one of life's great mysteries that you may have been confused about. And I am prepared to do that today. The question is, we have been dealing with them, writing papers about them, but what in the world are these Learning Outcomes anyway? And why have you made us study them? Well, here is how you can make you education work for you. As many of you leave the protective walls of Lennon , you will be looking for jobs and careers that require interviews. When the interviewer asks you (and they will, I promise) tell me a little about your educational background, you won't just look at them confused like a graduate from BCC, NO! Whip out those learning outcomes and here is what you are going to say: I graduated from one of the most technologically advanced community colleges in the country where I was required to integrate advanced software into my learning to be successful. I have the ability to be a member or leader of teams of any size composed of people from very diverse racial, religious, and socioeconomic backgrounds. My degree is evidence that teams have successfully completed tasks within a short amount of time. I can express my ideas clearly and confidently to large groups of people. And last but not least, I can evaluate the world around me to make critical decisions that will benefit your company immensely. And if you deliver your responses with confidence and conviction, all they will hopefully say is, your hired. On a more philosophical note, my fellow students and I have truly made history. We are the first two-year graduating class of Lennon Community College. Our wisdom as students helped shape this institution. Every school in the world has a certain feel to it. That feeling is made up of the quality of the people within the school. That feeling is also based on the legacy of the upper classmen whom have added there own identity and passed it down. In our case, being a brand new school, there was no legacy to adopt, we were the first, and the class of 2002 took it upon ourselves to create what many observers think is the most nurturing, open minded and healthy educational atmosphere in the State of Washington.

The End to Slavery in the Caribbean Essay -- Slavery Slave Racial Essa

The End to Slavery in the Caribbean The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the first successful slave revolt in the Caribbean, and it was one of the most important events in the history of the Americas. Along with the obvious human rights benefits that the Haitian Revolution achieved, there were some serious setbacks for the nation as well. Between 1783 and 1789, Saint Domingue was the foremost sugar producer in the region, but by the end of the war the economy was completely destroyed, and to this day Haiti has not come anywhere close to reattaining its once prominent economic status in the Caribbean. The results of the revolution sent fear through the European consciousness as well as strengthened the growing idea that slavery may be an immoral practice. In the United Kingdom, slavery lost popularity quickly and an antislavery movement was initiated. After May 1807, no British ship was permitted to leave with a cargo of slaves, and by March 1808, it was made illegal for a slave to be landed in any British colony. The law became even stricter in 1811 when the trafficking of slaves was made into a felony. Despite the attempts to end the slave trade, plantation slavery continued in the British Caribbean. Slavery was not officially abolished in the Caribbean until 1834. The termination bill which abolished it called for twelve years of apprenticeship for the â€Å"ex-slaves†, which was not very different from slavery. This system was abolished in 1838. During and after all of this vacillating lawmaking, a serious labor problem developed in the Caribbean. The key to the production of the Caribbean’s produce, mainly sugar, was the system of slavery. Slavery practically eliminated labor costs, and all... ...s felt as though they were being undercut by this new type of cheap labor. The blacks resented that their slavery had come to an end, but in order to compete with the new labor force, slave-like conditions were once again the only option. The "coolies† in Jamaica, as well as the Asians on the other islands began their journeys as outsiders living in terrible conditions. Today, a sort of blend has taken place in these cultures. A good example of the blending that has taken place can be seen in the music of the region. In rural Trinidad there is a popular form of music that mixes classical Indian singing with a soca beat. Soca is a music that combines the insistent tempos of calypso with the energy of hip hop and the quatrain-like structures of traditional north Indian folk songs. Tinker, Hugh. A New System of Slavery. Oxford University Press, 1974.

Changing Our Lives Essay

Changing Our Lives There are several reasons I decided to go to college at this point of my life. The first reason was simply because when I first received my G. E. D. I couldn’t decide which occupation was right for me. There were so many different and interesting career paths to choose from. It became overwhelming trying to narrow it down to the best choice. I honestly didn’t want to waste time and money going to school for a job I didn’t enjoy or that I could not excel at.I wasted the next part of my life using drugs and gambling. I made a lot of bad decisions that led me to become involved with law. I have never been charged with any felonies, but I have plenty of misdemeanors to show for my behavior. This limits me to what jobs I can receive. Once the company does a background check the hiring process usually stops there. Even though I have changed my life for the better most employers won’t give me a chance to prove myself. My record definitely limit s me when choosing an occupation.I am embarrassed and not very proud of my mistakes I have made in life but I will not let the past slow me down. Being enrolled in college will help prove myself as a responsible adult and show others that I can shine in any situation. Going to college will give me that chance to make my family proud. I also think it is setting a great example for my children. They see every day how hard it is to work for a job you don’t like and not receiving the pay you deserve.Deciding to go to college will teach them that no matter what happens in life it’s never too late to make a change for the better. After a lot of thought and time I decided that I would receive my bachelors degree in business administration with a concentration on management. This opens many different outlets upon graduation and will help me decide on a specific career. I will also have the knowledge to hold a management position and make more money while still attending colleg e. My ultimate goal is to one day own a couple of small businesses of my own.I already have the creativity, passion, and drive to be successful. Going to college will give me the understanding about the business world and bring me closer to my career goals. Waiting to go to college has been frustrating, but definitely worth it. I feel like I finally have enough time to manage work, school, and family life. I am more responsible and am able to make better choices. After changing my life I am finally on the path to seeing my dreams come true. Hopefully I will achieve my final goal of one day being my own boss.

Why Guns Should not be Banned

Did you know you are 4 times more likely to be killed with a knife or other cutting instrument than you are by a rifle or a shotgun? Gun rights and gun control are always hot items during any political discussion, whether it is between peers or politicians. One of the many great advantages to being an American is the ability to choose for one's own self what to believe in. Another advantage, in my opinion, is the right of the people to keep and bear arms.Laws should not restrict gun rights because first, it would infringe the second amendment, second, guns are a part of our culture, and finally, if guns were outlawed, citizens of the U. S. would become vulnerable. The most prevalent argument for gun rights is the second amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The second amendment is broken into two clauses; the justification clause and the rights clause. The justification clause is, â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state. † And the rights clause is, â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.†This idea is important to a country founded upon revolution, and is in the Constitution for the chance that we will have to revolt again so, as democratic Americans, we cannot allow the government to strip us of our rights. America was founded on the thought of being able to make our own ideas and options for our lives. A free man must be able to protect himself and that was the idea of the founding fathers when they made the second amendment. The act of banning firearms would directly defy what our founding fathers thought best for our nation.Our country was founded on the right to be free from tyranny. Individual ownership of guns was one of those rights to make sure the government couldn’t overrun the people. If the government was to put a ban on weapons, it would make it all the easier for politicians to take over the nation. Gun ownership also made it possible to create local militias to protect our country and to keep other countries from invading. For example, if our nation was invaded by another country and 6 out of every ten people owned a gun; the invaders would have a lot harder time taking over America.Many Americans consider owning guns as part of their culture considering our nation was founded using weapons. Ever since the first people came to America, guns have been a huge part of their lives. As stated by Washingtonpost, It started with New England Indians trying to drive out settlers in King Philip’s War in 1675. Some 5 to 10 percent of settler men of fighting age were killed. Laws soon required settlers to keep firearms in their homes. In the 1700s the Kentucky rifle was invented and was the symbol of frontier independence.As also stated on Washingtonpost, George Washington encouraged â€Å"the use of Hunting Shirts, with long Breeches made of the same Cloth . . . it is a dress justly supposed to carry no small terror t o the enemy, who think every such person a complete marksman. † The 19th century brought the mass production of gun making through Samuel Colt. He also invented the famous Colt pistol. Cowboys carried the colt the way noblemen carried swords, as symbols of their status. In World War II, veterans brought home guns as trophies.Guns get handed down through generations and are symbols of patriarchy. They are also a symbol of protection for the home, fighting for liberation and family tradition. Many families have traditions of hunting together and this started back in the days of the settlers when they had to provide food for their families. These traditions have been passed on from generation to generation. Through the years in the United States hunting has become a family tradition.According to Statisticbrain, The total number of people over the age of 16 that hunt annually is over 12.6 million. Families used to hunt to feed themselves, and even younger children were taught to h unt to help contribute to their family’s survival. Over the years it has changed but the tradition of hunting together is still passed down from one generation to another. While hunting for meat is no longer a necessity, wild game is still much better for you and healthier than meat bought in a grocery store. Hunting also requires a person to take a class in Hunter Safety before they can legally hunt, where firearm safety and shooting skills are taught.Hunting as a family is a bonding experience where time is spent outside together instead of indoors sitting down watching television or playing video games. There is a saying that goes â€Å"Take your kids hunting and you won’t have to hunt for your kids† – kids who are involved with their families more and spend time doing things they enjoy together are much less likely to get in trouble. People who grow up learning how to handle guns safely and respect firearms are much less likely to use one irresponsibl y.The third and final reason a gun ban would be detrimental to the U.S. is that the citizens would become vulnerable. As stated by CNN John Lott, economist and gun-rights advocate, has extensively studied mass shootings and reports that, with just one exception, the attack on U. S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords in Tucson, Arizona, in 2011, every public shooting since 1950 in the U. S. in which more than three people have been killed has taken place where citizens are not allowed to carry guns The massacres at Sandy Hook Elementary, Columbine, Virginia Tech and the Century 16 movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, all took place in gun-free zones.The deranged and deeply disturbed murders aren’t dumb. They shoot up places where they know there will be no resistance. Maybe gun free zones should be labeled â€Å"defenseless victim zones†. A good reason guns shouldn’t be outlawed was stated by CNN, In 2007, a gunman entered New Life Church in Colorado Springs and shot and kill ed two girls. Jeanne Assam, a former police officer stationed as a volunteer security guard at the church, drew her firearm, shot and wounded the gunman before he could kill anyone else.The gunman then killed himself. According to Hackpad 74% agreed that â€Å"One reason burglars avoid houses when people are at home is that they fear being shot. Homes that have guns are much safer then homes without. As you can see, there are many reasons on why the government shouldn’t ban guns. These reasons include, but are not limited to the facts that it would directly infringe the second amendment; guns are part of our culture, and United States citizens would become too vulnerable to crime.Gun rights are not merely a topic of political discussion, but a discussion of survival and freedom. Restricting firearms for public self-defense doesn't make citizens safer but it makes them targets. Guns in the hands of qualified and trained individuals subject to background checks prevent crime a nd improve public safety. Remember, a gun doesn’t make you a killer; killing makes you a killer. People can kill with a car or a baseball bat, but no one is trying to ban you from driving to the ballgame.

Movie review (runaway jury) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Movie review (runaway jury) - Essay Example The hearing of any legal case takes place after the process of selecting a jury is successful. In the movie, ‘Runaway Jury, the process of selection is tampered with by a series of manipulations. Most importantly, the jury is asserted if it is discerned to be honest and does not deem of favoring the plaintiff or the defendant. However, the defendant’s attorney makes efforts to tamper with the process of selecting a consortium of jurors who will act in favor of the defendant’s position in the case. The law provides that a manipulated jury does not qualify to foresee or even issue any verdict before it is termed as clear from ill motives (Kovera, Margaret & Brian 35). In the movie, the sobriety and purity of the jury be opposed by the ill motives by one of the jurors, Nick Easter. According to the law, if either of the lawyers representing the plaintiff or defendant believes or speculates feasibility of the jurors to have prejudiced objectives vis-Ã  -vis the case, he or she ought to request the judge to dismiss the jury. In the movie, a similar situation arises. Consequently, the lawyer remains cornered by the challenge posed by Fitch, a jury consultant, concerning the stand to make. However, the law provides that only a manipulation free jury can issue a cognizant and acceptable verdict in a legal

The papacy of Pope Francis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The papacy of Pope Francis - Research Paper Example The recent election of Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglia in 2013 as Pope Francis brings to 266 the total number of popes in the history of the Catholic Church. Pope Francis has therefore, served for less than a year. Nonetheless, this paper focuses on the papacy of Pope Francis, including the challenges he has faced since he was elected, as well as those that he might face in future. This paper also addresses key issues that surround the aspect of papacy in the Catholic Church, including papal infallibility, among others. Like other leaders, the popes of the Catholic Church have been faced with a plethora of challenges. However, each pope has addressed the challenges in their own distinct manner. Likewise, Pope Francis has not been an exception. According to the International Bulletin of Missionary Research (2013), since his election as a pope, he has already encountered different challenges, and is expected to face more challenges in future. Some of these challenges emanate from the ch urch, and the pope is expected to provide a redress for them. Nonetheless, governance is one of the major challenges, which the pope has faced, and will continue to face in the future. Pope Francis, being a leader, has to make important decisions as far as governance is concerned. For instance, he had to appoint his secretary of state. This is a senior position, which is regarded second after the pope. Therefore, appointing a secretary requires the pope to have experience in the Curia, be strong-willed, and exhibit aspects of reform. On the contrast, Pope Francis is considered to have less experience in the Curia, and exhibits more pastoral than managerial capabilities (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 2013). In addition, Pope Francis has to deal with the practical problems of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is big in size, thus faces different challenges in the form of social and economic issues, and doctrinal issues, among others. For instance, the pope has to deal with all the financial affairs of the Vatican, including the finances that goes out and comes into the church. In addition, Pope Francis has to address issues in the church, such as homosexuality, divorce, the position of women in the church, and abortion, among others. On the aspect of homosexuality, Pope Francis’ recent remarks about homosexuality have elicited considerable controversy. Although Pope Francis argued against judging gay people, but instead welcoming them to the church, these sentiments were welcomed with criticisms from those people, who feel that homosexuality in society should be condemned (Montoya, 2013). Overall, Pope Francis being a spiritual leader and a symbol of church unity, also faces the challenge of ensuring the stability of the Catholic Church. This includes him reaching out to the large number of secular Catholics and maintaining the relevancy of the Catholic Church. Throughout history, the Catholic Church has been implicated with differ ent controversies, most of which have persisted even today. First, there is the common Catholic contraception controversy. Since the Catholic Church is known to be prolife, this advocates for the ban on contraception and abortion. This stand of the Catholic Church therefore, continues to result in a collision between religion and public health. This also hampers