A dietary issue anorexia nervosa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 744 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Anorexia Nervosa Essay Did you like this example? The field of dietary issue investigate is constantly advancing, and medications are being created and refined depending on these revelations. Given the unpredictable idea of dietary problems, it isnt surprising that the variables that add to these illnesses are all-around. There isnt one single reason in charge of the organization and productivity of a dietary problem, but instead, an aggregation of a few conceivable worsening elements that each assume a job in the improvement and continuation of these illnesses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A dietary issue anorexia nervosa" essay for you Create order These variables can be organic, sociological, enthusiastic, natural, and so on. One factor oftentimes examined by scientists is the organic segment of dietary problems. Many have contemplated and estimated what components happen inside someone , particularly cerebrum, that can make an individual powerless to creating anorexic condition, bulimia or pigging out turmoil. Studies are as of now in progress that are looking at potential contributing components of the dietary problem, for example, hereditary qualities, hormones, and neurology. Anorexia nervosa is a life threatening eating disorder directly associated with weight. This disorder results in extremely low weight problems and other dangerous health conditions. This condition is often noticed in observing meal consumption quantity, exercising habits, also by observing the affected. People suffering with this condition tend to think they are bigger they really are. They look in the mirror and see this large person, when in reality they most-likely barely have meat on their bones. People often suffer from stress, and depression when dealing with this. Some people with this condition tend to starve themselves, or eat and find ways to get it back out. They feel extremely restricted to food. This can possibly even kill you if severe enough. The body needs all the food and nutrients it gets from the food we eat everyday. Most likely the people who suffer from this condition will not know they have it, they tend to be delusional. Close friends, and family are typically the first ones to notice this condition. People who have this condition shows delusion of a thin figure, and irregular;abnormal eating patterns. A person suffering from this will most likely find it hard to accept they have the condition, or deem it as something that is not a serious matter. This condition usually develops at the age of adolescence or young adulthood. It tends to have a bigger effect on women than it has on men. Some symptoms are: visibly underweight, strict eating habits, delusional fear of gaining weight, denial, refusal to maintain healthy weight. After a while of having anorexia nervosa you might start to experience bone thinning, brittle hair/nails, etc. If really bad, it can cause heart problems or multi-organ failure, and even death if really severe. There are two types of anorexia nervosa: restricting type, binge eating/purging type. The restricting type limits how much food they eat; plus they refrain from eating excessively. A binge eating type may eat, but afterwards they make themselves vomit, or use laxatives. This disorder can affect people of all ages, races, genders, and Ethnicities. Studies show that bigger people can have anorexia just as well as thin people. Most of \ the time it is not diagnosed in overweight people, because everyone believes if you are anorexic then you are automatically supposed to be really skinny. To be diagnosed you must show signs of irrat ional fear of becoming fat, or obese, and extreme discomfort in the way your body is proportioned. People may feel emotional, and helpless when finding out a loved one has this condition, so here are some warning signs. When you start to notice dramatic weight loss, change in wardrobe of more baggy things, become too concerned with weight, purposeful food deprivation, leaves or excuses themselves when it is time to eat dinner. Most of the times to notice some of these symptoms, because they seem harmful, maybe even normal. It is always important to talk to the person victim to this condition. There are some ways to help or may even get rid of this condition. Some effective ways are going to counselings, try to regulate eating habits, go to reach out groups, and maybe even go to a dietitian. Researchers say, and i quote, Individuals that are anorexic have a lower than normal body weight, are bound by a severe fear of putting on weight, are resistant to maintaining normal body weight, perceives themselves as fat even when they are extremely thin and experience missed menstrual periods in succession.

All Quiet on the Western Frint - 1809 Words

In All Quiet on the Western Front author and World War I veteran Erich Maria Remarque tells the story of a young soldier named Paul BÃ ¤umer who enlists in the German army with a group of his classmates. In the novel the reader comes discover the many horrors that Paul has to endure during his service before his untimely death in October 1918, only weeks before the war ended. The events that happen in the novel to Paul and his friends in his company during the war are very similar, if not identical, to what the German soldiers had to endure while World War I raged on in the real world. The way that the novel portrays the soldiers’ rations and reliance on food, their life on the front and in camp, how the young soldiers’ lives were destroyed before they even began, how the older generations pushed the younger ones to enlist, the death of soldiers in battle, and the refusal to surrender matches almost perfectly to how things were during World War I, particularly for the German soldiers. One reoccurring point in the novel that the reader is quickly made aware of is how important a good meal can be to a soldier’s mentality. In the beginning of the novel the reader comes to learn that Paul and his fellow soldiers are currently celebrating because they are receiving double rations of food and other supplies after their company loses 70 soldiers the day before. This excitement, despite the fact that they had just lost almost half of the soldiers in their company, shows how

Notes on Aryl Halides Free Essays

3/22/2012 ARYL HALIDES 2. displacement reactions of diazonium salts ARYL HALIDES General formula: Ar–X where X = F, Cl, Br or I Examples Structure: ? C-X bonds are shorter and stronger Bond C-Cl C-Br Ar-X 1. 69 AÂ ° 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Aryl Halides or any similar topic only for you Order Now 86 AÂ ° R-X 1. 77 1. 91 ? Dipole moments are unusually small. Bond C-Cl Preparation: 1. electrophilic aromatic substitution – useful only if one product is obtained C-Br Ar-X 1. 7 D 1. 7 D R-X 2. 10 D 2. 15 D ? Dipole moments may cancel out depending on the geometry of the molecule. 1 3/22/2012 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: ? Boiling points – similar to those of alkyl halides; same trends ? Melting point – Among disubstituted aryl dihalides, para isomer has unusually high MP; ~70 – 100 Â °C higher than ortho and meta isomers ? Solubility behavior – insoluble in water; soluble in nonpolar organic solvents – para isomer is less soluble than ortho or meta in any given solvent ? can be readily purified by recrystallization Consider: REACTIONS: 1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) – recall directing power (o, p director) but ring is deactivated toward EAS. 2. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (NAS or SNAr) ipso substitution ? an atom or group other than H is replaced in the reaction Reaction Mechanisms For NAS: A. BIMOLECULAR DISPLACEMENT: addition-elimination mechanism; occurs under mild conditions ***the aromatic ring must contain strongly electron – withdrawing or electron – attracting groups 2 3/22/2012 Observations: 1. Element effect (Bunnett): Aryl halides do not show much difference in reactivities toward NAS via bimolecular displacement. 2. Aryl fluorides are most reactive. II. Addition – fast removal of the halogen as X- is not the rate determining step . B. The Benzyne Mechanism: Elimination-addition mechanism – occurs under forcing or vigorous conditions Evidence for the benzyne mechanism: 1. scrambling of the label – reaction mechanism: 2. benzyne cannot form if both ortho positions are occupied by other groups 3 3/22/2012 D. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction 3. O-bromoanisole and m-bromoanisole give th e same product under the reaction conditions. ANALYSIS: 1. Chemical tests: Test Reagent Br2/CCl4 KMnO4 AgNO3 Result (-) (-) (-) OTHER REACTIONS OF ARYL HALIDES 1. Metallation Reactions for aryl halides without reactive groups Grignard Reaction: 2. IR Spectroscopy C-X absorptions lie in the fingerprint region ? not useful for analysis 1000 – 1350 cm-1 C – F str. 750 – 850 cm-1 C – Cl str. 500 – 680 cm-1 C – Br str. 200 – 500 cm-1 C – I str. Important peak frequencies 1500, 1600 cm-1 3000 – 3100 cm-1 aromatic C – C str. aromatic C – H str. Reaction with Lithium Metal: Transmetallation – most successful with ArBr and ArI 4 How to cite Notes on Aryl Halides, Essay examples

Illegal Immigrants Have Migrated Into Theu.s For Many Years Example For Students

Illegal Immigrants Have Migrated Into Theu.s For Many Years Immigrants, do we need them? Illegal immigrants have migrated into the U.S for many years. How does their visit affect our stay? Illegal immigrants take much of the impact with the U.S military funding, the government s economy, and also there are impacts with the laws, bills, or acts occurring. Everyone is affected in some ways by illegal immigrants. Not to add that The nation also always has an impact on all the immigrants making them come up with these illogical decisions, that are only hurting the communities rather than helping. An illegal immigrant is â€Å"a foreigner who has entered or resides in a country unlawfully or without the country s authorization (dictionary.com) These â€Å"Illegal immigrants† took and impact to the U.S economy. â€Å"The nation s leading immigration economist estimates that the presence of immigrant workers (legal and illegal) in the labor market makes the U.S. economy (GDP) an estimated 11 percent larger ($1.6 trillion) each year† (George Borjas). This would demonstrate how not only do the immigrants who come here illegally affect the nation’s economy but also those who come in legally Also from this there could be an understanding that there could be a yearning for illegal and legal immigrants in the United States, but there is still more to learn about their impact. In this case we see that the impact taken is positive, but it is not always the case some of the people or better known by as immigrants to the nation s community,have impacted the economy n egatively. â€Å"So mainly, jobs now like in the construction, janitorial, maintenance, waste management and other so-called â€Å"lower-end jobs† and â€Å"dirty jobs† are being handed over preferably to undocumented immigrants on low salary rate†(Negative effects of). This is exponential as the money that is being taken from company’s who do this end up gaining more for themselves rather than that of the money going into the taxes and into our communities giving less to those foundations or facilities in which need it such as schools. Also some then tend to report their worker as illegal as they are arguing about their salary or working conditions. This then leads to national spending on deportation, as â€Å"It shows that the total cost of mass deportation and continuing border interdiction and interior enforcement efforts would be $285 billion over five years† (Marshall Fitz, Gebe Martinez, and Madura Wijewardena). Killing the nation’s m oney instead of leaving them with in the United States where they can get a job and pay taxes bringing the money into the government. But America decides that we need to spend money on forcing them to leave rather than making money of off them. This leads to the idea of how illegal immigrants affect the cost of the military for the U.S. The military is something that has been a bit costly for a while, the US according to a graph given by Peter G. Peterson spends an average of more than seven countries combined adding up to the total of the nation s spending being 610 billion dollars (Peter G. Peterson). Foreigners have an impact in this as they come in and serve in the war for documentation, basically a citizenship and Jeanne Batalova states â€Å"Since September 2001, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has naturalized more than 37,250 foreign-born members of the U.S. Armed Forces and granted posthumous citizenship to 111 service members† ( Jeanne Batalova). From this there is an understanding that some of the people who are in the military do not do it for the pay but rather citizenship in the united states giving a clear understanding of decrease in the cost as some men are not being payed. This can be connected to the time in wars that some lower class immigrants were put in the war because a upper class white man did not want to fight in it so they payed the government to put someone in their place, giving more money to the government and not only that but the troops costing less because they would fight because they were forced and some would volunteer to gain their citizenship. There are also some laws and acts being passed that change the direction in which the nations money is being spent. What Makes Daca Recipients?In conclusion, there have been many changes in the immigration subject, whether it is for the better of for the worst of things. There is a lot of impact that is occured, there are various examples of this refered to, like the Japanese internment act, Chinese exclusion act, Military funds, and deportation. These are some of all actions that have impacted the US in various ways, especially with money and how it is a thing that the nation now struggles with and seems to be in a lot of debt for all because they could let them stay here of let them come here freeing. Works Cited Batalova, Jeanne. Immigrants in the U.S. Armed Forces.Migrationpolicy.org. Migration Policy Institute, 15 May 2008. Web. 05 June 2015. Desilver, Drew. High-income Americans Pay Most Income Taxes, but Enough to Be ‘fair’? Pew Ftz, Marshall. The Costs of Mass Deportation. Name. Center of American Progress, n.d. Web. 05 June 2015. Handley, Meg. How the National Debt Affects You US News. US News RSS. N.p., 31 Mar. 2011. Web. 05 June 2015. Hamilton, Keegan. How Obama Could (but Probably Won t) Stop Deporting Illegal Immigrants Today. The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 05 June 2015. Immigration. Immigration. Cornell University Law, n.d. Web. 05 June 2015. Japanese American Internment Camps. Japanese American Internment Camps. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 June 2015. Negative Effects of Illegal Immigration. Immigration to the U.S. Guide. N.p., 06 Aug. 2013. Web. 05 June 2015. Peterson, Peter. U.S. Defense Spending Compared to Other Countries.Pgpf.org. Peter G Peterson Foundation, 13 Apr. 2015. Web. 05 June 2015. Research Center RSS. Pewresearch, 24 Mar. 2015. Web. 05 June 2015. Two Years and Counting: Assessing the Growing Power of DACA. Two Years and Counting: Assessing the Growing Power of DACA. American Immigration Council., June-July 2014. Web. 05 June 2015.

Young Goodman Brown Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Young Goodman Brown Argumentative Essay Nathaniel Hawthorne comes from an interesting background. He was born in Salem and later returned to live there. He was a descendant of William Hathorne, a puritan judge who persecuted Quakers, and John Hathorne, a puritan magistrate who participated in the Salem witch trials. Hawthorne’s kinship to these two notables of puritan history makes the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† all the more interesting. Hawthorne alludes to John Hathorne when he writes about Goodman Brown’s â€Å"fellow traveler† commenting on Brown’s grandfather, who â€Å"lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Young Goodman Brown† is about one man’s journey through the woods with the devil and his encounters that make him doubt his faith in himself, his wife, and the community in which they reside. The theme of this story is that beyond any intangible evil, the evil that men do is ultimately the more damaging. Throughout the s tory Hawthorne uses setting and characters as symbols representing different aspects of good and evil and he uses the plot to develop the eventual win-over of evil over â€Å"Goodman† Brown’s â€Å"Faith.†Not surprisingly â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† takes place in Salem during the puritan era. The story begins with Goodman Brown departing from his wife in the village to meet with and take a stroll in the forest with a â€Å"fellow-traveler† the devil. We will write a custom essay on Young Goodman Brown Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The contrast between the forest and the town is symbolic. On the outside, it seems like a normal, religious puritan village, but when one goes in deep, one sees there is a center of darkness. The deep, dark forest in the puritan town represents the internal evil of the villagers. The forest is viewed as mysterious, unknown and inhabited by the devil, while the town is pleasant safe and where his wife, â€Å"Faith,† is. During Goodman Brown’s walk through the â€Å"dark forest,† he sees and learns that many of his mentors and relatives have chosen the path of evil. The forest is where all the respectable people of the town go to vent their evil while outside of the forest, they seem like they are pure and good. Hawthorne adds to the symbolism by personifying the trees â€Å"which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through† as Brown â€Å"walks alongside a dreary road.†Hawthorne uses the characters of the story also to represent good and evil. The names of the main character and his wife are ironic. Faith, in the literal context of the story, is Goodman Brown’s wife. In the connotative sense, Faith represents Brown’s actual faith in God and goodness of humankind. She is a symbol of Brown’s faith who then becomes tainted by evil. The pink ribbons in Faith’s cap represent purity, white, tainted by the evilness of the devil, red. He believes that his wife, Faith is good. Although the devil shows Brown that his father, the deacon, and the rest of the townspeople turned to evil, he will not go with the Devil because of his thoughts of Faith. There is a certain point in the journey when he asks where his Faith is, at this point, he is symbolically seeking his own faith in goodness, or the righteous path and is wondering why he is on this path with the devil. Toward the end, when he sees his wife among the others in the woods, a participant of the ceremony, he loses faith. He wakes up and is lef t miserable, alone and distrustful of all the villagers including his wife. The main character’s name, Goodman Brown, is ironic because for all his â€Å"goodness† and faith in his beliefs, he becomes the one person in the village who personifies evil. In the end of the story, the event changes Goodman Brown’s life and, whether it was reality or a trick played by the devil in Brown’s dream, the effect it had on him lasts the rest of his life. Brown doesn’t trust anyone, He doubts everyone, and sees evil in everyone. He becomes â€Å"stern, sad, darkly meditative, and distrustful.† Brown would not participate in singing holy psalms. Goodman Brown â€Å"would turn pale whenever the minister spoke from the bible.† He shrank from his wife, scowled when his â€Å"family knelt down for prayer† and his â€Å"dying

Children literature timeline paper

Children literature timeline paper Introduction Many cultures have over time experienced real and dramatic changes in almost every sphere. As time elapses, people evolve. Consequently, there is a paradigm shift in the way people do things and handle various situations that come their way on daily basis. Child literature has been part of people’s lives. It has however undergone tremendous changes over time from one generation to the next.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Children literature timeline paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These changes are represented as stages in the lifetime of these generations. The timelines also depict a sense of peoples’ perceptions and outlook on life, defining the norms and cultures that governed institutions at given times (Mulherin, 1982). Many factors have been considered to determine the depth of literature that the child is exposed to with much of this being centered on age and what the adults perceive the child to be. Age Child literature has been classified according to the stages of growth of the child. From infancy through to adolescence (this almost happens at the stages of twelve and thirteen), the child is given different classes of literature that is expected to bring up certain traits in them. The bridge between infant literature and adult literature is the young adult’s literature. This differs from the previous in both maturity level and the content that is represented. The literary skills that are employed are also different. Much of what appears in adult literature also features in literature designed for the children. McGuffey, for instance, alludes that fiction in its many forms such as â€Å"contemporary realism, fantasy and historical fiction, poetry, folk tales, legends, myths, and epics all occur in children literature† (McGuffey, 2001). Non-fictional literature spans from subjects that range from literature to humanities. These subjects v ary from social issues, biological studies to general sciences and ultimately deals in the earth as the prime topic. Books that are designed to be children’s literature use many methods to pass across the message they are meant to convey, as such pictures that display both visual and audio texts are used to complete the cycle. The evolution of Children literature Children literature as it is known today, has borrowed a lot from the then adult literature. The fairy tales and other fictitious characters were all a part of adult history. Books that were to be used as educative materials went further than providing entertainment to the children, and as such were used to teach, impart moral lessons and improve on a child’s ability to socialize with others effectively. Other books were cautionary to the youth as they warned them on the consequences of operating within the set standards and rules that determined the norms of their people (Kubler-Ross, 1999).Children literatur e came into being at around the seventeenth century.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before then, children were overlooked and accorded little respect; they were considered a little less of humans and not much was done for them in relation to the literature they got. Cliftons (2006) noted that children in the olden days had it rough with their literature laced with an abnormally barbaric and forceful streak often used to scare the children to get them behave as the parents wished. They were majorly used to caution children and as such the subject in their pieces of literature was either killed or severely punished for a wrong deed. By the end of the seventeenth century, following the publication of John Newberry’s â€Å"A little pretty pocket book† for children, it dawned on the people that children literature should be a tool for entertainment rath er than for education or castigation. This marked the beginning of the official publishing of children literature and as such, set the trend for the other writers and the generations of writers that came afterwards. The roles of children literature in society Children literature, as earlier stated can be used as an avenue to impart several life lessons to the students and thus be an educative tool. It can also be used to pass history from one generation to the next thus expanding the knowledge base of a given child (Hunt, 1995). Child literature in its own capacity could be used to mould character as a cautionary tool to the children that have indiscipline cases in the society. References Cliftons, J. (2006). Old-Time Schools and School Books, New York: Dover Publishers. Hunt, P. (1995). Childrens Literature: An Illustrated History. New York: Oxford University Press. Kà ¼bler-Ross, E. (1999). On Death and Dying. New York: Macmillan. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Children literature timeline paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McGuffey, W. (2001). McGuffeys Eclectic Readers, 7 book series, Primer–Sixth  Reader. New York: Van Nostrand. Print. Mulherin, J. (1982). Favorite Fairy Tales. London: Granada Publishing.

Electroinc contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electroinc contract law - Essay Example The main procedure to be followed will be culling research based on the electronic signature's safety to be fit into one of the three categories in the thesis. The main objective of the project is to establish the relative safety of the electronic signature by looking at its reliability, enforceability, and the possibility of it being used illegally. The scope of the project is limited to the electronic signature. In data collection and tools, a variety of resources will be available for use, including scholarly journals, periodicals, books, newspapers, the news media, and the Internet. Ethical standards, of course, do apply, and this writer will be citing all sources where necessary and give credit where credit is due. Statistical analysis will only play a role if it is crucial to the research. Here, definition and discussion of contracts and contract law will be delved into; the dissertation will be going in-depth into applicable case law. A contract, by definition, is "[a]n agreement between two or more persons which creates an obligation to do or not to do a particular thing. Its essentials are competent parties, subject matter, a legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, and mutuality of obligation."3 Additionally, a contract Contracts may be one of three types: express (an agreement brought about by words); implied-in-fact (an agreement brought about by conduct); or implied-in-law, also known as a "quasi-contract" (which is "not a true contract but an obligation imposed by a court despite the absence of a promise in order to avoid an injustice."5 Chapter 3. The Electronic Contract and Electronic Contract Law. Here, a definition of the electronic contract and electronic contract law will be examined, while a further discussion of specific case law will be probed in the dissertation. An electronic contract is "a written agreement between parties that is presented through software being installed in your computer or transmitted by means of the Internet, whether it is: presented on a webpage; sent through e-mail; or

HOW DOES EXERCISE MODIFY NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY Essay

HOW DOES EXERCISE MODIFY NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY - Essay Example The situation, which will be described in this work, is the following: the experienced athlete is going to run a 20km marathon today. The aim is to describe his physiological changes during all aspects of this event. First of all, it is necessary to note, that marathons are not related to the sub maximal loadings; they are related to the dynamic kinds of sports with rather steady and obviously smoother changes in various physiological indices of the sportsman under research. Thus, let us look at the changes, which are caused by the nervous system when the race has just begun. According to Sutoo & Akiyama (2003), exercise modifies the function of brain, as well as the nervous system functioning. However, the mechanism of these changes is still unknown for the scientists. According to the experiments, the influence of the physical exercises has been displayed through the increase of the level in serum calcium, transported to the brain, to stimulate the synthesis of dopamine. In its turn, the higher level of DA synthesis becomes the main reason of the physiological changes during physical exercises. Thus, the main effect caused by the nervous system changes during the dynamic exercises is the increase in blood pressure, the rationale for which lies in the calcium-exchange changes; but it is important to know, that profound understanding of the process of calcium production as a result of long stable exercises becomes the reason for general decrease in bloo d pressure, and this contradiction may be explained as follows. Calcium is known to reduce blood pressure through the calcium/CaM-dependent DA-synthesizing system, simultaneously increasing it through intracellular calcium-dependent mechanism. These facts explain why the first several minutes of race are the most difficult even for the experienced racers. The calcium infusion, caused by exercises, becomes the reason of hypercalcemia during the first kilometers of race, and causes higher blood pressure,

English Composition 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

English Composition 1 - Essay Example One hour of active physical activity like walking, swimming or other exercising per day is now recommended by the National Academies’ Institute of Medicine. It is a half an hour per day more that the previous recommendation advised (half an hour five days a week). However, even that old goal is hardly reached by many Americans. This fact is related mostly to using cars and labor-saving devices that free people from long walks and physical activity they had, for example, a century ago. In the modern highly technological and busy world most people spend their days sitting at work, in from of computers or TV sets, and find no time for exercising. Focus, an ability concentrate, is one of the most important skills of a student. It is so because a concentrated person can complete a piece of work, such as homework or test, faster and more effectively since one’s mind is not disturbed by external irritants. Though different people have different abilities to concentrate, this valuable skill can be learned and improved by means of constant practice. One of the methods to reinforce the skill is establishing a rule of having the same time and place to study every day. This, soon, will become a habit to help one in the studying process. Afterwards one can use an established timer to make oneself concentrate on one particular task for, for instance, fifteen minutes. And, of course, one should reward oneself for each small achievement – even the fifteen minutes of focusing on one thing. Finally, with time concentrating becomes a habit, and benefits its owner by the ability to be more attentive during the class or on the t est. Therefore, thought the ability to concentrate is extremely important for achieving success in any process, the good thing is that it can be learned and

Case Study Tapal Tea (Private) Limited

Case Study Tapal Tea (Private) Limited Pakistan was the second largest tea importer of the world after England. Almost all the tea consumed in Pakistan is imported. Tea is popular beverage in both Urban and rural areas of Pakistan. The total retail market of black tea was estimated at 140,000 tons i.e. Rs. 35 billion in 2001. The retail market of tea is growing at rate of 2.6 % annually. 95 % of tea imported from Kenya comprised of leaf tea and dust tea. In Pakistan consumption of tea in urban areas is 40% while 60% contributed by rural area . Tea is sold in two categories of branded and unbranded packages. Branded tea constituted 55% and unbranded has 45% market share. Industry Competition: In Pakistan, Unilever is market leader with 60% share while Tapal has 26% share and the remaining 14% includes small players such as Kohinoor,vital,isphaani. UNILEVER-The Market Leader: Unilever is major competitor of Tapal, under taken several marketing mix activities to enhance their product sales of Lipton Yellow Label Brooke Bond Supreme brands. Unilever introduced 500-grams packaging to cater demand from tea stalls. They also made changes in Lipton logo. From pricing point of view Unilever revised prices from time to time to time due to various changes in micro and macro environment. For distribution Unilever has 6 regions with 526 distributors nationwide. They also support some of the weak distributors by giving them three-wheeler by investing Rs 5 millions to improve their performance. Introduction of Tapal tea Tapal was the largest Pakistani owned tea company in the country founded by AdamAli Tapal as a family concern in 1947 at Jodia bazaar in Karachi. Initially they started from an unbranded tea to cater tea stall and restaurant in Karachi. This unique brand named as FAMILY MIXTURE soon becomes the largest selling brand in the tea market. Tapal is supposed to be pioneer in number of development in tea industry of Pakistan which includes new category of DENEDAR tea ,introduction of high quality tea from Kenya, ISO 9002 quality certification, soft tea packs and metal free bags in Pakistan. Brands owned by Tapal: Tapal Chai Family Mixture Danedar Leaf Blend Chenak Dust Mezban Super Dust Gulbahar Green Tea Tapal Special Teabags Safari PF Marketing Sales promotion Activities by Tapal: In order to increase and retain the market share of Tapal in tea industry, Tapal applied number of marketing mix strategies to improve their sales in period 0f 1998-2001. Tapal changed packaging of its leading brand, Tapal DENEDAR to revamp the brand image and to fight with other counterfeit brands , they also launched the sachet packs. Tapal revised prices about four to five times in the given period of time to stay competitive with other brands. During the period of 1998-2001 Tapal spent 1.75% of its annual retail sales on advertising promotion. They also took over some ATL and BTL activities .with the help of print and electronic media Tapal promotes new logo Tapal- Makes Tea Time Terrific. Sales Management: Tapal sales territories were divided on the geographical basis. The whole market is divided into two regions Northand South both are independent of each other. Northern region included Punjab and Khyber Pukhtonkha while the southern region consisted of Sindh and Baluchistan. Northern town has 6 zones which are further divided into 23 territories. Southern region has 6 zone having 17 territories. A territory executive assigned to each territory. Total distributors in Pakistan are 400, 203 in northern region and 197 in southern region. SELECTION CRITERIA The territory executive needed to be a permanent resident of the area assigned and should have 2-3 yrs of selling experience along a minimum graduation degree. Hiring of territory executives was done at regional level with the final approval from the Head Office (Karachi). ÂÂ   SETTING SALES QUOTA/TARGET The market gap was analyzed at the first hand for setting sales target for the territory. Then the actual sales of Tapal, Unilever and others in the previous year were added up to determine the market size. The competitor sales were estimated through market intelligence from competitor`s distributors. The sales forecast is given by the distributors which are then assessed by the territory executives who submit the revised estimates to Zonal Managers. It is then approved at the final level by the Regional Managers. The annual quota is communicated to the territory executives and distributors by the second week of July each year. Problems Issues faced by Northern Region of TAPAL: Declining sales Negative variations in sales quotas assigned to territories. Rising selling expense Number of distributors are not appropriate with population size and no of outlets Unbranded tea suppliers are not considered by Tapal Zonal Managers. Zonal managers had set too optimistic targets for territory managers that are not realistic. Zonal mangers were unable to assess and improve the performance of territory managers. Zonal managers had not appropriately planned sales territories. Zonal managers were unable to add no. of distributors to cover the wider area they are just working with current distributors and increasing the no. of retail outlets. From exhibit 9, we can sort out that out of 23territory executives just 1 is showing excellent performance, however 8 executives are showing poor performance and 8 are just fairly performing their jobs. From exhibit 10 we can see that the company was too optimistic and it set its target sales too high as compared to previous year in all territories specially in Rawalpindi II (of about 354% increase in sales target), Sarghoda 260% increase Faisalabad 59.2% increase Recommendations to Overcome Problems: Zonal manager should consider unbranded tea products while focusing on MARKET Gap. When distributors give their sales forecast to territory executive, they must also concern with the problems faced by the distributors and try to solve them as Lipton helps their weak distributors by three wheelers. Clearly define the territory boundaries to Eliminate cross area sales problems. And take strict action on it. Company should cut-down unnecessary distributors to reduce selling expense, and increase new distributors where there is a market gap. Reduced the basic salary structure and Increase the incentive system so as the sales force motivate to achieve targets. Sales Quotas must be realistic and attainable in consideration with market potential. Zonal manager make teams of territory executives having good and excellent performance with executive showing poor performance so as poor one can learn the tactics to be successful.

Destruction in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

Theme of Destruction in Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front Everyone knows what war is. It's a nation taking all of its men, resources, weapons and most of its money and bearing all malignantly towards another nation. War is about death, destruction, disease, loss, pain, suffering and hate. I often think to myself why grown and intelligent individuals cannot resolve matters any better than to take up arms and crawl around, wrestle and fight like animals. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque puts all of these aspects of war into a vivid story which tells the horrors of World War 1 through a soldier's eyes. The idea that he conveys most throughout this book is the idea of destruction, the destruction of bodies, minds and innocence. The author starts off his book with a note highlighting the meaning of this book. It is as follows: This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war.(Intro) Right after reading this paragraph, I knew that none of this book was to be comical or heroic. It was not going to be one of those stupid stories romanticizing war and making heroes out of men who killed more of the enemy than anyone else; this book was about destruction. These few lines before chapter one set the whole tone for the rest of the book. Glory does not exist in this story, only death and sadness. The story takes place through the eyes of a German infantryman named Paul Baumer. He is nineteen and just joined up with the German army after high school with the persuasion of one of his schoolteachers, Mr. Kantorek. Paul recalls how he would use all class period lecturing the students, peering through his spectacles and saying: "Won't you join up comrades?"(10). Here was a man who loved war. He loved the "glory" of war. He loved it so much as to persuade every boy in his class to join up with the army. He must have thought how proud they would be marching out onto that field in their military attire.

A Cristmas Carrol Essay

After visiting the Cornish tin mines in 1842 Charles Dickens wrote ‘A Christmas Carol’ during the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution made a big change in people’s life because this was the introduction into machines in the workplace. In the Victorian times there were lots of poor and rich people, but the rich didn’t talk to the poor and saw them as worthless slaves and did not talk to them. ‘A Christmas Carol was aimed to teach the rich in 1842 a lesson ‘people are more important than money. ‘ Dickens knew what it was like to be poor as he lived in poverty as a child. In ‘A Christmas Carol’ the main character is Ebenezer scrooge, he is the meanest, most self-centred man in London, dickens describes his personality â€Å"The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, made his eyes red, his thin lips blue† this gives the impression that scrooge has no warmth and will always be lonely. The key words that show this are â€Å"The cold within him. † This makes the reader feel scrooge is old, frozen and has no love at all. Dickens wanted scrooge to represent the worst of the rich in 1842, he wanted to change there ways. Scrooges looks reflect his personality, scrooge is unfriendly to everyone even his family and employees like his book-keeper Bob Cratchit. The way scrooge lives also reflects his personality Dickens shows this by using personification â€Å"They were a gloomy suite of rooms, in a lowering pile of building up a yard, where it had so little business to be, that one could scarcely help fancying it must have run there when it was a young house, playing at hide-and-seek with other houses, and forgotten the way out again. † This reflects the opposite of scrooge’s childhood and is stuck just like scrooge. The key words that show this are ‘forgotten the way out again’ this makes the reader feel that scrooge is lost and so is the house. The people in dickens time were very religious, they believed in heaven and hell, angles and ghosts. This would have shocked them. The ghost of scrooges old work partner Jacob Marly visits scrooge to warn him that he with have three spirits visit him. Scrooge is visited by the three ghosts of Christmas. The ghost of Christmas past, present and yet to come. The ghost of Christmas past visits scrooge first and shows him shadows of his childhood. Scrooge loves money more than people, he lost his girlfriend because of this â€Å"He carried his own low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dog days† this shows that scrooge wants to be isolated. The keywords that show this are â€Å"He carried his own low temperature always about with him† this makes the reader feel sorry for scrooge but also that he pushed her away and now he regrets it. Dickens wanted the reader to learn about childhood in the Victorian times and how the rich always seamed to look down on them.

Statement of the Business Proposal essay

Statement of the Business Proposal essay Statement of the Business Proposal essay Statement of the Business Proposal essayAt the moment, AESL faces the problem of the enhancement of the prevention of problems into the electrical network. Customers of the company need the efficient system of the identification of problems to resolve them fast because this is the only way to maintain the stable electricity supply to customers. In such a situation, the company has to introduce the new system that allow conducting the surveillance over the network and reporting to customers about identified problems that affect the functioning of the network. In this regard, the enhancement of AESL performance through the aerial inspection service for electrical power distribution networks using sensors integrated onto an autonomous uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) is one of the major priorities of the company. To enhance AESL performance, the new system can be introduced – ENSARS. ENSARS Electrical Network Surveillance and Reporting Service (ENSARS: Project 7057.141) will p rovide a full inspection service for power distribution networks.AESL NeedsFirst, AESL needs to collect the information the network and identify failures that will help the company to inform customers about actual problems or disruptions of the network that can stop the electricity supply via the network. The introduction of aerial inspections is one of the urgent needs because this is the most efficient way to track the network and identify possible problems.As the company collects the data on existing problems and failures of the network, it has to process the information properly. For instance, some problems may be crucial, while other may be insignificant and cannot interfere into the performance of the network. The information obtained from the aerial inspection has to be processed to range problems and to decipher information obtained after the aerial inspection.The next step is the analysis of data collected in the course of the aerial inspections and information processed af ter the inspection. In this regard, the analysis will involve ranging threats and problems, identifying the most urgent ones and the least urgent ones; developing recommendations for customers how to resolve existing problems: forecast possible impact of problems on the electricity supply and customers.Finally, the customer has to develop the effective system of reporting to customers. What is meant here is the fact that the company should not just report to customers about the problem but also they should provide the information in the plausible and coherent way. For instance, customers may fail to understand properly warnings of the company about the identified problems, if the information is presented in highly technical form and customers cannot always understand the real scope of problems reported.AESL SolutionThe proposed solution is the development of ENSARS. ENSARS Electrical Network Surveillance and Reporting Service (ENSARS: Project 7057.141) – that will provide a full inspection service for power distribution networks. The new system will enhance the performance of the company and resolve its key problems because it opens new opportunities for identifying the problem and reporting them to customers. Moreover, ENSARS will involve automatic processes mainly that will increase the accuracy and independence of the system and effectiveness and speed of reporting to customers.The proposed solution will include four key steps. First, designing the system is essential since ENSARS is a brand new system that needs to be designed first. The design of the new system should match the needs of the company mentioned above. Second, the company should build ENSARS that means the development of the required software, purchase of the equipment and transportation, including the equipment of aircrafts with photo- and video-equipment required for monitoring; singing contracts with suppliers of hardware, software, fuel and other essential items. The third step is operating ENSARS that will involve the training of the personnel of the company to teach them how to use the full potential of the new system and start running the system, when employees of the company are ready to use it. Finally, the company has to maintain the new system and this is the final step to complete the implementation of the proposed solution. The maintenance of the system will involve the employment of the maintenance staff and training of employees responsible for the maintenance system. The system will also need repair and regular upgrade to keep the system up-to-date.RisksOne of the major threats to the proposed system is the risks of information breaches because the company will need to have access to private information of customers to be able to communicate and report problems in the network. Therefore, while introducing ENSARS the company will also need to enhance its information security system.The failure of the system to detect problems is another risk since the proposed system may fail to identify all the problems of the network because some problems cannot be uncovered with the help of the aerial monitoring.Furthermore, there is a risk of communication gaps between the system and customers because of the complexity of reporting or customers’ distrust. If customers are not confident in the reliability and safety of the proposed system, they will not trust it and they may oppose to its wide implementation.Advantages and disadvantages of the systemThe major advantages of ENSARS are regular monitoring and large scope of monitoring. The aerial monitoring will take place regularly as the aircraft will fly regularly to record possible changes in the network and problems that can occur. Aerial monitoring covers the large space in short time that expands the scope of monitoring and allows the company to track problems fast.The major disadvantages of the proposed system are: first, aero monitoring may be not always accurate and, second, high costs of implementation.ScheduleThe implementation of the solution will undergo the following stages:Identification of goals of ENSARSDesigning of ENSARSDevelopment of operational plan of the functioning of ENSARSMaintenance and control over ENSARSEconomic AnalysisThe financial data presented show the clear trend to the steady improvement of the company’s performance due to the introduction of the new system. ENSARS will become profitable in three years and start brining return on investments with the net profit increasing from 1.54% in 2014 to 5.36 in 2016.

The Haves and The Have Nots †Communications Essay

The Haves and The Have Nots – Communications Essay Free Online Research Papers The Haves and The Have Nots Communications Essay Opportunity varies between classes and backgrounds. People of a different background always had less options or abilities to achieve what they wanted. White people had the money and the respect to get a chance at what they dreamed. Examples of African American families and how they lived were usually a lot less fulfilling then an example of the way a white person lived. The actions of men and women in the world obscure their chances and opportunities due to their class and background. During the 1950’s coming from a different background then the white people you usually were struggling financially. It took a lot of effort to work really hard and barely get the pay that you needed to live off of. White people had a lot of money and could afford what they wanted. Compared to other backgrounds the white people had a lot more. A Raisin in the Sun, written by Loraine Hansberry, was about a family of African Americans that lives in Chicago. The family of five and soon to be six all live in one small apartment. The group isnt very happy with their jobs, working as servants for rich, happy, white families. They didnt have very much money. â€Å"Ruth: Get your mind off of money and eat your breakfast. Travis: (eating) This is the morning we supposed to bring fifty cents to school. Ruth: Well I ain’t got fifty cents this morning.(Hansberry, page 28)† That quote shows how she barely had two quarters to spare. Their lifestyles, when compared to the other classes and backgrounds, seemed very unfair. The example of the Youngers from A Raisin in the Sun shows the difference between the lifestyles. The characters Mama and Ruth were off all day working to clean or cook in other people’s houses, and Walter, Ruths husband, was a chauffer. They were very unhappy having to get up in the morning, in their small apartment where five people lived and have to go off to work as someones servant. The crowded household had full rooms and the youngest boy, Travis even had to sleep on the couch. The problem that they had with this lifestyle was that they didnt have a way to change it. There wasnt a way for some African Americans to somehow work really hard, make a lot of money, and live the life you wanted. You couldnt change your class or background. The goals or dreams were different when you compared the two groups. An example is when Walter repeats a few times throughout the dialog that he wants to give his wife pearls, and thinks he should be able to. That was just one of his dreams, that he could give his wife some jewelry. When that is compared to what the white people already can purchase it seems that the backgrounds who are suffering behind the white people dont have barely enough to survive. People all over the world affected the opportunities that other races and backgrounds could have. The two groups had very different lifestyles. The goals or what the people of different groups dreamed of achieving were minor to what the white people were already capable and successful at. The financial standings for example: the African Americans in the play A Raisin in the Sun were barely enough to live off of. But the white people could live in a huge house, enough room for a large family to live, have better jobs that they wanted, and still have the 50 cents that their son needs for school. The society that all of the groups, including the white people, was not accepting their differences and wasnt providing the respect that they needed to have in order to achieve the opportunities that they wanted. Research Papers on The Haves and The Have Nots - Communications Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GameStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and Autumn

Burberry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Burberry - Case Study Example However, in 2005, General Universal Stores divested their stake in 2005. The current CEO of the group is Angela Ahredts, who replaced Rose Marie Bravo. (Burberry Official Website, 2010) From its inception, the brand has experienced massive growth and now owns thousand of outlets and franchises throughout England. The company specializes in menwear, womenwear, childrenwear and non-apparel garments. Out of these, the largest share of its revenue comes from womenwear. Burberry is also a household name in the international market. This feat was achieved with the recent trend of globalization and this is where the company pays most attention. The company has no distinctive mission statement. However, reading on from their annual reports it can be seen that the company wants to maximize its revenues in order to increase the business profitability. This is what the entire team and the management of Burberry plc works for and for many years now. In order to achieve their mission of maximizing revenue the company is trying to streamline their operations by moving towards focused collection. Although, this is a generic term but it implies that the company is moving toward more balanced collection in terms of design, style and quality. The company is doing this through constant innovation strategies. They have increased the frequency of new designs coming to retail outlets. The brand also aims to achieve its objective by increasing productivity, streamlining store operations, by adopting a policy of quick expansion and by making use of the latest technology to make their operations more and more efficient. (Burberry Annual Reports of 2008, 2009) From our discussion about Burberry plc Group, we can see that it has been doing brilliantly since its inception. However, in the recent years, the firm is facing some challenges in the form of recession and fierce competition in the industry due to entry of a lot of new firm in this market to cater the needs of the consumer. In the next part of this report, we are going to look at some of the strategies that Burberry has adopted to counter these challenges. Burberry has been greatly affected by the ongoing recessionary phase in which we find global economy in. Economic recession has affected Burberry indirectly in an adverse way. As a result of economic recession, people's purchasing power has been deteriorating and now they have to think twice when buying a luxury item like Burberry. As a result of this, Burberry's profits are fast falling and irked the top management of the company for sometimes now. One example of how Burberry is been affected by continuing recession can be seen in the Burberry Group's income statement for the year which shows a profit of 99.8m as compared to 170.9m that were earned a year before. This was decline of approximately 41%. This shows how badly the firm is affected by the current recessionary wave that the world is experiencing. Another thing that worries Burberry's management is the structure of supply-chain of the company. The company finds that in few of the firm's product categories, it relies on small number of supplier. As a result, these suppliers command more authority over Burberry and this over reliance on few suppliers can cause a lot of trouble to Burberry. However, the only way the situation can be improved is by restructuring the supply-chain management of the company, which the company is trying to undertake with some success. Similarly, most of the firm's

Sexually Objectifying Music Videos and Lyric Increase Sexual Violence Research Paper

Sexually Objectifying Music Videos and Lyric Increase Sexual Violence - Research Paper Example pared to male characters since music videos portray women as sex objects because they use revealing or provocative clothes which display excessive skin exposure. Recent analysis of rap and hip hop music videos documents the presence of misogyny, which is defined as a sexualizing women and the dominance of men over women. The theme is visible in when numerous and highly sexualized women dance provocatively while wearing revealing clothes and being submissive to male artists other characters who are male in the music video. The result suggests that even though male characters are associated with various themes, female characters are mostly associated with position of objectification. Another recent content analysis study examined various sexual objectifications in other video music genres that include country and hip hop. The study showed that most of the sample video of female artists contained sexual objectification indicators like close-up shots of private body parts, touching of pe rsonal sexual body parts, sexualized dancing or ample skin exposure. Therefore, sexual objectification is not exclusively done to female characters by their male counterparts; but rather most female artists engage in acts of sexual objectification of their bodies. In accordance with objectification theory, sexual objectification is conceptually defined as a considering an individual as a body only valued by its use by others. Thus, basing on the definition, sexual objectification operationalized both in visual representation of female artists’ bodies and their behavior. Sexual objectification is common in media culture; however, music videos offer the potent example of it (Aubrey, Megan and Wanjiru 365). To understand how exposure to sexually objectifying music videos link to constructs... This "Sexually Objectifying Music Videos and Lyric Increase Sexual Violence" outlines how such types of video affect level of sexual violence. Research show that music video often differs in the way they portray men and women; generally showing men in more positive light compared to females. Specifically women are depicted in positions of submission compared to men; besides, men are likely to perpetuate violence and women are portrayed as victims. Music videos often show women dressed in provoking clothing specifically in sexually objectified music videos, the variation in the depictions of both men and women signifies the significance of considering gender differences in music video (Conrad, Travis, and Yuanyuan 137-138). Significant increase in sexualized videos results in idealized body perfection in young children, which is difficult to attain even for models that perpetuate the industry practice. Objectified music videos lead people to believe in reality that never exists which is detrimental especially to adolescents. Repeated exposure to sexually objectified music results in gender-stereotyped ideas and images that contribute to sexist attitudes and beliefs like sexual harassment and etc. Though, sexual objectification is one type of gender harassment, it takes into consideration other hosts of oppressions that women face ranging from employment discernment, trivialization and sexual violence. Consumption of sexually objectified music allows women to accept the tendency of viewing women as objects.

The Relationship between Multinational Firms, the State and Essay

The Relationship between Multinational Firms, the State and Socio-Economic Development in the UK - Essay Example Most of the research work conducted did concentrate on the firm-level decisions regarding their FDI strategies but less time and resources have been devoted to the state level. It has been realized that a number of states such as the US have often attracted FDI through various tactics including reduction in taxation levels. The relationship between these multinationals and the State becomes very important in the success of both parties. Even though one would argue that the role of state in international business has been eroded by the development in globalization, this is still not the actual case on the ground. The nation state still has a crucial role to play and this is why its relationship with the multinationals is quite relevant (Henderson et al., 2002, pp.436-464). A number of reasons exist as to why most multinationals are tolerated. One of them is the mutual relationship that could emanate between the state and the multinational which further links it to the home state of th e multinational. In this case, a tripartite perspective could be established. The other reason is based on the social and economic developments that multinational companies do promote in the host country. These two reasons seem to underlie the basic intentions of the national governments in welcoming multinationals. This paper looks at the relationship between multinational firms, the state and socio-economic development in the UK as a case study. Analysis Multinational firms and the UK state The relationship between nation states and multinationals is one that has been characterised with juxtaposed needs or interests. Each seems to be pulling towards its side. The state is territorially defined and has well-defined political systems which provide the necessary framework for economic, social, political and cultural activities of those acting domestically and pursuing the interests of the nation (Dunn, 1994, pp.3-8). On the other hand, multinationals are interested in expanding their individual operations irrespective of the boundaries set by the state and have to cope with a number of political, economic, cultural and social conditions that exist in those acquired markets and they are always driven by private interests, which are usually founded on economy of scale, global trends in economy, and effective management of international operations. Existence of negotiated relationships between these two opposing parties merges their needs and ensures a win-win outcome (Kay, 2002, pp.1073-1102). Democratic political institutions have the capacity to establish policies that are market-friendly. The peace that exists in states links these democratic institutions to more credible levels of international systems. These mechanisms provide better playing grounds for multinationals in the long run. On this point, the institutional based checks as well as balances, which could be linked to democratic systems usually, reduce the possibility of reversing the policies made an d thus providing the multinational companies with the de facto commitment to the stability of these policies (Iet to-Gillies, 2002, pp.43-54). Stable policies ensure that multinational are given a friendlier environment where they can forecast their needs for budgeting in relation to the upcoming economic scenarios as well as tax schedules, make critical managerial decisions that are able to respond to macro-economic predictions, and also eventually hedge against risks associated

Why we treat men and women differently Essay Example for Free

Why we treat men and women differently Essay The process of learning gender roles begins right when we are born. The first question people ask of a newborn is â€Å"Is it a boy or girl? † This question illustrates the importance of gender in organizing our expectations and perceptions of an individual. In American culture we tend to give boys and girls different types of toys to play with and dress infants according to gender. If you look at your baby pictures, you may find that you were often dressed in either blue or pink. One US study reports that 90% of the infants observed at a shopping mall were dressed in gendered colors and or styles (Shakin, Shakin Sternglanz, 1985). By the age of 3 children begin to accurately label people by sex (Fagot, Leinbach Hagen, 1986). Gender role socialization progress throughout life from various sources – parental expectations, modeling of gender roles by peers and images of males and females in the media all contribute to our ideas on what it means to be male or female. Gender role is a psychological construct that develops in children as they are socialized in their environments. As children become older, they learn specific behaviors and patterns of activities appropriate and inappropriate for their sex and they either adopt or reject those gender roles. Sandra Bem (1981) argues that gender is one of the fundamental ways we organize information and understand experiences about the world. The way we think of being male or female is a web of behaviors, attitudes, objects and conventions that are associated with being male and being female. We then use this web of preconceived notions to understand the people around us. To illustrate, lets look at the story of Stella, a senior high school student. Stella’s parents were egalitarian; they believed that gender should not hinder their daughter’s future. They wanted their daughter to grow up without the encumbrances of gender Perception of stereotypes affects our behavior Page #2 role stereotypes. They made sure that they trained her to be assertive, to be an achiever and always told her that being female should not hinder her from pursuing her dreams. True to her parents’ words, Stella was an outstanding student, had good leadership skills and had been accepted to a university that she wanted. However, Stella did not have many girl friends. She was not invited to slumber parties and girly stuff though she got along well with the boys. Then one day, she overheard the boys at school talking about her, one of them remarked that Stella was more of a boy than a girl and he wouldn’t want to go to the prom with her. Stella was stunned, she never thought of herself that way, she felt confused and hurt. The story tells us of Stella’s predicament. She was brought up to think that everyone can reach for his or her dreams and you simply have to work hard for it and this is what she did. But her peers see her as a misfit, the girls did not like her because she was not interested in girly stuff and the boys did not think of her as a girl. We can say that her peers are reluctant to accept Stella because she goes against the traditional gender roles. Majority of her peers have been socialized to think that girls should be emotional, gentle, beautiful and nurturing while boys should be tough, competitive and strong. Our preconceived notions of what a man /woman should be and what they should not be is always present in our daily interactions and in how we understand others. Children generally use the term sissy to label a boy who is not a bully and boys torment girls because they are weak and cannot keep up with them. We applaud men who are achievers, who are leaders, who can provide their family with all the comfort and luxury of life, while we scorn at women who exhibit the same traits because we think that a woman should not sacrifice her family for her career. Consequently we can observe that more and more women choose to be single or marry at Perception of stereotypes affects our behavior Page #3 a later age when they have reached their dreams. Even the sex double standard favors men over women, it is almost innate in us to be forgiving to husbands who have extramarital affairs because we rationalize that boys will always be boys. On the other end we become disgusted when we hear of a wife having extramarital affairs. Our judgment is clouded by our schemas rather than finding out the story behind the act. Gender stereotypes are actually the most ingrained and prevalent forms of stereotyping. It is present across cultures and affects all of us from birth to the day of our death. The way we relate to and are being related to is largely based on our gender. It has become a fundamental part of who we are as persons and even dictates what we become in life. Women generally pursue careers that are nurturing and man generally are in occupations that makes use of their power and authority. Stella in such an early age is confronted with her being not a typical girl and if she gives in to the pressure of being accepted by her peers then she might not become what her parents dreamed her to be. And the end question of whether gender stereotypes are negative or positive is not really the issue. Gender role socialization is a necessary function of society to maintain the status quo. Women are disadvantaged by these stereotypes because it limits their opportunity for personal growth, but at present we see a breaking away of the traditional gender roles into a more egalitarian form. More and more husbands have stayed home to care for the children, while more women are joining the work force and getting top positions in all the institutions of society. Thus, like Stella’s parents, we can dispel our gender role biases and hope that in the future our children would live their lives the way they want it to be, not because they are male or female.

Critos Arguments to Socrates

Critos Arguments to Socrates Hale, Aubrieann In this paper I will be analyzing Crito in the aspects of context, main issues, Socratic reversal, athlete/physician analogy and the consequences. The first two are fairly weak. The third, concerning Socrates responsibility to his children is the strongest. Crito presents many reasons to Socrates for why Socrates should escape. The first two are fairly weak. The third, concerning Socrates responsibility to his children is the strongest. Critos first argument is that if Socrates does not escape, then Socrates will then in turn be hurting Crito in two ways. One Crito will lose a good friend when Socrates dies and Critos reputation will in turn be hurt too. People wont know that Socrates chose to remain in jail, they will think Crito had the opportunity to get Socrates out but that he did not do so because he was not willing to spend the money. With that Crito will get a reputation for caring more for money than for a friend. This argument only considers the consequences of Socrates action for Crito. In Critos second argument, he speculates about why Socrates does not want to escape. He says that if Socrates is worried that by escaping he will harm his friends who could get in trouble for trying to helping him escape, then his fears are un founded. They are willing to risk this or even something worse for him, and it is cheap to pay off both the guards along anyone who might inform on them, so there will not be much risk. While it may be possible to pay people off, there is still the question of whether it is moral. In his third argument Crito mentions Socrates responsibility to his children. As their father, it is Socrates responsibility to see that his children are brought up well and educated, and he cannot do this if he is dead. Crito appeals to what is important to Socrates. He points out that pursuing goodness is how Socrates wants to lead his life, and that a good man would see that his children are cared for. Crito says that staying in jail is the easy thing to do, but escaping takes courage, and the right thing to do is to be brave for the sake of his children. In response to Critos arguments Socrates considers first, why the opinion of the majority is not the most important opinion, second, what the consequences of escaping would be for the city of Athens, and third whether escaping is an unjust action such that it would harm Socrates soul. Many of Critos arguments concern the opinion of the majority what will they think if Crito does not help Socrates escape? What will they think if Socrates is not responsible for his children? Socrates argues that the opinion of an expert is more important than the opinion of the majority. He gives the example of someone in training. An athlete does not pay attention to the advice of the general public, but to their trainer. If they listened to public opinion such as taking steroids, eat whatever they want, train 20 hours a day, they could hurt their body. Socrates extends the analogy if they listen to the majority rather than experts they could harm their souls, the part of a person that is damaged by w rong actions and benefited by right ones. Socrates most fundamental principles that the really important thing is not to live but to live well. Therefore, he considers whether it is morally right to pay off the guards and escape. He begins addressing this issue by considering the consequences for the city. He says that the laws and the city could be destroyed if he escaped. Legal judgments could lose their force if they were not abided by private citizens, and a city without laws would not remain intact for very long. Socrates also thought he would be harming the condition of his soul by escaping. He thought his soul would be harmed because he assumed that by harming the city he would be also harming his soul. Being responsible for harm to others is something that causes harm to ones soul. He also would have suffered harm to his soul because he broke an agreement. He made a tacit agreement to follow the laws of Athens because he lived under them for seventy years, raised his children under them, and did not try to persuade t he city to change them. Socrates himself points out that this is an incorrect assumption. He says that Crito overlooks the possibility that his friends would be both willing and capable of bringing his children up. If he were to escape, he does not think it would be in his childrens best interest to raise them there, because there they would be considered foreigners. If he escaped he would ask his friends to take care of his children in Athens, and there is no reason why they should take care of them if he escapes but not if he dies. Those who were known to have aided him in making his escape would be driven into exile or lose their property and be deprived of citizenship. If he should go to one of the neighboring cities, such as Thebes or Megara, he would be regarded as an enemy and all of their patriotic citizens would look at him poorly. In addition, they would argue that anyone who has broken the laws would also be a corrupter of the young and foolish portion of humanity. If Socrates should go away from well-governed states to Critos friends, his reception there would be no better, for the people would ridicule him for preaching sentiments about justice and virtue but then betraying all that he has taught in order to gain a little longer life. By refusing to escape, Socrates can depart from this life in innocence, a sufferer and not a doer of evil, and a victim, not of the laws but of men. On the other hand, if he chooses to break the covenants and agreements he has made, the citizens of the state, including his own friends, will despise him.

A Proposal to End Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction Alcoholism Ess

A Proposal to End Alcoholism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today's day and age, people are beginning to have more and more problems with things that barely even impacted on our world many years ago. Sometimes, however, people don?t even realize that they have a problem and are disturbing not only other people, but also themselves. Alcoholic beverages have slowly wedged themselves into today's society as something that is causing many people problems and drama in their lives. A problem like alcoholism is something that should, and can be, stopped and controlled. With today's modernization and rapid increase of knowledge of medicine and the human body, I have created an idea that could possibly stop the problem of drinking, and the addiction that it creates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol is considered a drug for multiple reasons. People, when under the influence, can get either very angry, or are all-around happy people. However, it usually unfolds in the event that when they become happy drunks, they become very grumpy and mean people when they are sober, usually looking for getting more alcohol. Alcohol also ruins people?s bodies, especially their liver. It can impact their body so much that it sometimes brings them to death. People also make very un-educated decisions when they are drinking, and sometimes even when they are sober. When people are under the influence of alcohol, they make bad decisions like driving, even though they can?t see straight, becoming loud, and sometimes even too rowdy. However, ev...

Islamic Law Essay

Quran and Sunnah are the fundamental sources of Islamic Shariah. When the solution to the arising problems is not available in these sources, Ijtihad is used to reach an appropriate solution in Islamic jurisprudence. Secondary sources of Islamic Shariah like Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah are also forms of Ijtihad. These secondary sources provide a sequence and a data base to the Mujtahid to reach to a solution of a problem in the most appropriate way and at the same time assist in formulation of Islamic law and development of system of Shariah as a whole. Introduction Quran and Sunnah (in the form of Hadith) are the two fundamental sources of Shariah. Generally the definition and acceptability of all other sources of Shariah varies in various sects of Islam. According to Sunni school of thought, the fundamental sources of Islam include Quran, Sunnah and Ijtihad, whereas according to Shiite school of thought, Quran and Sunnah are the only authentic sources of Shariah and Ijtihad can only be a contributing factor and that too only in some circumstances. Ijtihad can be defined as use of one’s own utmost abilities in deriving secondary opinions from the four fundamental sources of Islamic law, namely Quran, Sunnah, Ijma and Qiyas†. Can the Secondary Sources be Characterized as Forms of Ijtihad In the eyes of majority of Muslim scholars, especially Sunni Muslims, all the secondary sources including Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah are forms   of Ijtihad. Rather all these secondary sources in one form or the other contribute towards Ijtihad. For example, in case of an event for which no authentic proof is available in Quran and Sunnah, the only option available is Ijtaihad. This Ijtaihad will either be supported by consensus of different learned scholars of Islam, or it will be done by comparing and drawing similarities or differences in the different events of past which occurred during the times of Prophet or His companions. In case no previous event is available, and consensus does not occur among the scholars on the issue, then the only way out is to either look for the ‘good by one’s own deliberations’ (Istihsan) or to determine what is in the interests of human welfare (Istislah or Maslahah). Therefore, it will not be wrong to say that all the four secondary sources can be characterized as forms of Ijtihad and all contribute towards it. Importance of Having so Many Different Sources to Represent Ijtihad Ijtihad is a very complex phenomenon and that is why, very strict criteria have been set in Islam for a person to be a Mujtahid. Therefore, while making a judgment a Mujtahid needs to evaluate the available data before he proceeds to make a judgment. Now the most authentic and fundamental sources i. e. Quran and Sunnah have already been ruled out for the reason that if a solution was present is those sources, there was no need for Ijtihad. In the absence of those two sources, a Mujtahid needs some additional sources in order to formulate the judgment, though Quran and Sunnah must be kept at the back of the mind. These additional sources like Ijma, Qiyas, Istihsan and Maslahah provide the Mujtahid with a data base and a sequence to analyze the event and lead him logically to an acceptable solution which is not conflicting with the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. Therefore, it is extremely important to have multiple sources to represent Ijtihad. Importance of Secondary Sources in Creating Law and Development of System of Shariah While studying the Islamic law, one must keep in mind that the times have changed a lot since the era of Prophet Muhammad and with the passage of time many situations came up which were not there in the times of Prophet. For example in the times of Prophet, there was not concept of photography and only thing that was available was â€Å"Tasweer† that is the hand painted pictures and the person who made those pictures was known as â€Å"Mussawir†. The Prophet prohibited the â€Å"Tasweer† in that time and He was quoted as saying that a person who will make a â€Å"Tasweer† will be asked on the Day of Judgment to bring life into that â€Å"Tasweer†. Today, we know that in the present era photography is a compulsion in passport and identity cards etc. Therefore, Islamic scholars reached a conclusion through Ijtihad that what was prohibited was â€Å"Tasweer| and not the photography. Photography, as per modern science, is actually the image preserved on a paper and even the companions of the Prophet used to see the image in mirror or in the water, so according to scholars, it is not prohibited in Islam. Similarly there are many other problems which needed solution in the present time due to modernization and advent of technology. If these secondary sources were not used in creation of Islamic law, the Islamic law will become stagnant and will not be able to meet the requirements of changing scenario and modern developments of science and technology. Hence, the basis characteristics of these secondary sources i. e. consensus, measurement and comparison, equity and public policy are all extremely important in formulation of Islamic law. Side by side, it will also help in development of system of Shariah as a whole so as to meet the requirement of pragmatism, practicality and need of the changing times. Conclusion According to Holy Quran, Prophet Muhammad has been sent as a Prophet for whole universe and this is not possible till the time his teachings are applicable to all the times. This applicability for all the times is only possible if the teachings can be interpreted according to changing times. All this is only possible through these secondary sources, if used correctly in accordance with the basic teachings of Quran and Sunnah. Hence, these secondary sources are part and parcel of Islamic law and must be taken as such. References References have not been cited as per the requirement of the client. Original language has been used without quotations.

Cellular Mobile System Capacity influenced by Handoff protection strategies The WritePass Journal

Cellular Mobile System Capacity influenced by Handoff protection strategies ABSTRACT: Cellular Mobile System Capacity influenced by Handoff protection strategies ABSTRACT:INTRODUCTION:1. BACKGROUNDS:1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:2. Current status and development of research:2.1 Literature survey:2.2 EVALUVATION:2.3 OUTLOOK:REFERENCES:Related ABSTRACT: Today, there   is a large number of mobile user groups and In that, the need of   service of mobile user group   plays a great dispute on the utilization of bandwidth. The radio frequency spectrum is an inadequate resource, to improve service quality and system capacity radio spectrum should be carefully planned. Research is carried out to improve system capacity and service quality. Admission capability is highlighted by the system capacity and the service quality relates to the connection continuity. This proposal reveals the impact of protection, which is used to improve   the strength of the   capacity of cellular mobile systems. Traffic model is established by using the mobility characteristics of the real world. The relation between admission capability and channel reservation is given by the markov’s approach. The proposed dynamic reservation scheme is proposed to provide handoff coordination between the service quality and system capacity. INTRODUCTION: The evolution of cellular mobile systems began with the first generation (1G) cellular systems introduction, and pass on through second generation (2G) and continuing third generation (3G ), featuring the development into the fourth generation (4G) systems. This generation systems are divided based upon the coding, modulation, and multiple access techniques which are used. First public mobile telephone system (MTS) began operation in 25 American cities. In this system contains an efficient transmitter on tall building with in the city and the   permanent single channel is assigned to mobile cellular phone   for sending and receiving data through the concept of push-to-talk. Late 1960s, improved MTS(IMTS) implemented and dual channels for sending and receiving the data. In the starting of   cellular mobile systems there very few number of users. In New York, 12 calls only simultaneously supported over 1000 square mile area. In 1968, Bell laboratories demonstrated the concept of   cellular system. In the cellular concept contains 2-way communication. This type of communication used hexagonal , N-cell frequency reuse pattern by using the intracellular mobile stations (MS), which are controlled by a base station (BS). The factors which improve the capacity of cellular system are handoff, frequency reuse and sectorization . By decreasing the power of BS in the cell, in another BS the particular frequency can be reused which is remotely far away. Handoff between stations intensively increases the flexibility provided to the customer. This in turn improves the capacity and user access area is also expanded. signal processing technology   and very large scale integration (VLSI) were   developed in 1980s, which paved the route for the digital era. In this generation digital signal processor are used for the 2G cellular. ASICs are used, which reduced the size of mobile phones and new signal processing   features. Second generation systems are of digital nature, which offered   elementary data services and improved voice quality compared to that of previous generation. 2G systems were designed for the improvement of communication. In 1G radio signals are analog where as in 2G systems radio signals are digital. 2G systems are mainly developed into the CDMA and TDMA systems based on the type of multiplexing is used. in less popular areas digital signals are not reaching the tower. In digital signal call completely fails to connect when the signal strength is less, where as in analog systems it used to gradually drop. 3G is the generation of mobile phones and telecommunications. In 3G different countries used different types of radio interfaces. Mainly used radio interface is W-CDMA, FDMA is also used in this generation. 3G has various application such as mobile tv, video demand, video conferencing etc. In this generation the users increased enormously, the demand for channels also increased. The main impact on the system capacity and quality of service provided by the service provider. Researches where conducted to increase the system capacity and to decrease the call failing during the handoff. The main issue of the mobile system is the design. Radio spectrum is limited, which must be shared by several users. Each is cell is allocated with the portion of the total frequency of the spectrum. Users in the particular cell can use the channel allocated to that cell. Different cells can use the same channel separated by the minimum distance between the cells because to reduce the co-channel interference. There are three types of channel allocation techniques, they are fixed channel allocation, dynamic channel allocation, hybrid channel allocation. 1. BACKGROUNDS: In cellular systems, the number of mobile systems under a base station is random and time varying. The users of mobile systems move between cells, so there will be variations in the number of users under the particular base station. So there are lots of variations which causes the traffic and handoff of mobile systems. In the third generation mobile communication systems there is lot of research work is carrying. The objective of the research is to offer personalized and integrated services for the mobile users with the service quality than that of fixed users. In the third generation there is lot of demand for the personal communication, there is explosive growth of the user community because its available for affordable price. Increase in the   mobile customers and the   need   of   diversity   will be a great challenge to utilize the bandwidth. The radio spectrum is limited it should be carefully planned for the usage. The research work on radio channel allocation mainly focuses on the admission capability and connection continuity. It gives out the compressed channel exploitation , which in turn maximizes the number of channels. If there is any special variation in requirement of the service, full admission capacity can’t   be achieved by fixed channel allocation [1]. We are considering the dynamic channel allocation (DCA)[2]due to this service request imbalance. In DCA, channels are allocated according to the service requests distribution and load sharing also improve the   user admission capacity. 1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: The initial connection requests to start new calls are considered to improve the user accommodation capability. Accommodation capacity is based upon the admission capability of new user. Since the user moves around, its needed to establish the connection many number of times with in a single call duration. The user accommodation capacity also depends upon the connection continuity. Impulsive call break takes place when a cellular mobile user transfers from its serving cell into a new one [8], but it is not sure that channel is assigned in the different cell to remain in connection. Protecting the connection continuity is studied extensively. The basic techniques which are used to establish connection continuity for mobile users include guard channel[3], predictive channel reservation and handoff queuing. The other techniques of   handoff   protection are subrating, channel sharing and channel carrying [4]. Handoff protection strategy acquire pessimistic effect on the new user admission. The intake of new users in to the system are reduced by the priority based handoff protection schemes   such as guard channel, handoff queuing, and predictive channel reservation. particular portion of the available channels are confined to only the new users by the Guard channel , so guard channel elimination on the new user admission is apparent. Smaller impact on the new user admission is the advantage of handoff queuing over the guard channel. Assume, both handoff queuing and guard channel techniques contains the equal number of   nominal channels, the over lapping cell structure infatuated by handoff queuing, which   leads to the higher   channel density than guard channel. So the minimum impact of the channel queuing can be attributed to the increase number of nominal channels. To differentiate   these   techniques, let us observe the case   which is   similar channel set is deploy ed to envelop the same service area with implementation of   the two strategies respectively. The cell Overlapping layout demands a huge amount of the reuse factor in order to continue the co-channel interference distance, compared to that of guard channel strategy   only fewer nominal channels per cell present in the handoff queuing strategy, since the other technique does not need   the cell overlapping structure. Both the number of guard channels and non-guard channels may be equal. Equal level of handoff protection can be achieved by substituting guarded channels for handoff queuing. Due to exchange problems in handoff queuing , new call admission capability and handoff protection cont be realized. though reservation channels are not properly used, new users are blocked by the predictive channel reservation. New user admission capability consists of some   disadvantages because of handoff protection. In order to over come these constrains researches investigated chances for better providing handoff protection. In [5] Oh and Tcha introduced the division of nominal channels to protect and unprotect channel sets in order to minimize the handoff failure. Therefore a predefined grade of service satisfies the expected results for the   above proposed division of nominal channels. The functioning of handoff protection and new user admission is affected due to adding or removing the guard channels. If the handoff requests are less then the new users access guard channel because of dynamic channel allocation[7]. 2. Current status and development of research: 2.1 Literature survey: If   an user being engaged in a call connection, then he said to be active. The   number of   factors influence the active time that include walking or driving, speed, impediment and delay at street intersections, traffic density around, shopping intensions and so on. For this dwelling time   negative exponential function is good approximation to the probability distribution   through the assumption of various factors. when an active mobile user   found to be approaching cell boundary, then the   Channel reservation for handoff   is conducted. The speed and position of active mobile user are monitored to calculate the remaining time left connection with the particular current cell. If the remaining time falls below threshold is known as channel reservation interval ( CRI). After confirming the the intention of transfer of the call to the new cell, target cell receives the request for the channel reservation. if there is any ideal channel in the target cell then it is reserved and it is known as locked which means temporarily it cont be used by any other. If in the target cell does not contain any free channels then the reservation request will be in a queue. After   channel is emptied   in the target cell, the request queue searches   to find any requests which are to be processed. The   request   leaves the queue by assigning it to the free channel. A released channel remains to be free until next channel requests for it when an queue is empty. After sending the reservation request the mobile user can end this current call connection. In this situation the target cell receives reservation cancellation request from the user. After receiving a cancellation request the locked channel will be released by the the target cell after processing corresponding reservation request. We assume CRI to be accurate enough that call completion is the single account for a mobile user not to show up at ending of the CRI. If channel has been reserved to take it over or blocked for mobile user, then the target cell handoff will be successful. Whereas in the previous cases the mobile user continues its call on the new channel until leaving or call completion while in the later on into termination [8], since new call is not prioritized, if a free channel exists then new user will be accepted or else it is blocked and cleared from the system. The follo wing figure describes the working process of reservation admission in the flowchart. Markov Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A markov model is implemented for analysis of the some of active channels and the number of reservation requests which are to be processed. Consider   for each cell C   number of channels are allocated   and buffer size limit for requesting queue is S. The transition rates of the neighbouring channels are obtained as follows. Before channel reduction new calls and handoff calls are entertained, consider the gross arrival rate as the transition rate.   When a handoff call reserves one channel for later use, immediately new call takes one channel for the later use. Whenever all channels have been occupied new call is rejected and reservation request is queued upto maximum length of S, which in result get a transition rate equal to the arrival rate of the channel reservation requests only. Reservation of a channel extends the channel holding time from channel utilization interval(CUI) to channel occupation interval (COI). COI is also assumed that it is exponentially distributed, the mean value of which is obtained by[8] The expected value of the inactive period of a reserved channel before the   utilization of channel is known as the dormant period, dormant period is stated dependent that longer dormancy can be expected and written as [8] The average dormant time on state n is given as [8] Let Fx(t) is considered as the cpd (Cumulative probability distribution ) of the time interval before the ( X + 1)th channel release. The Fx(t) can be written as Fx(t) [8] We   canapproximate the sojurn of a request in the queue, which has   to be exponentially distributed to give out a time independent request. The   living rate that has the value equal to 1/Tcri. The state probabilities are given by 2.2 EVALUVATION: Traffic model supports assures mobility properties and certain geometry in real-world cell plan. Where as manhattan model considers a classic city scenario which is regarded as by the   association of buildings, big structures with streets. In the manhattan model the connection distracts, when a mobile user roams in the streets, a street corner and suffers a sharp signal strength path loss. Handoff protection with prudent channel usage decreases the user accommodation capacity. In the markov approach, accommodation capacity is evaluvated by using the single over the entire system. 2.3 OUTLOOK: In this paper, we have discussed the impact of   on capacity of the cellular mobile systems by the channel reservation. A user should receive un disrupted service through out the life time   after admission which is known as capacity. By using the handoff protection, capability of new user admission increases to that of connection continuity. user accommodation capacity is weakened by handoff protection. Which indicates system capacity and service quality are conflicting objectives. So tradeoff is cont be eliminated. Our further research to be carried out on channel reservation with out degrading the system capacity REFERENCES: [1] S.Jordan and A.Khan, â€Å"A Performance bound on dynamic channel allocation in cellular systems: equal load†. [2] D.Everitt and N. MacFayden, â€Å"analysis of multicellular mobile radio telephone systems with loss.† [3] K. Yeung and T.S. Yum, â€Å"Compact pattern based dynamic channel assignment for cellular mobile systems.† [4] â€Å"channel carrying: A novel handoff scheme for mobile cellular networks.† [5] S. H. Oh and D. W. Tcha, â€Å"prioritized channel assignment in a cellular radio network.† [6] F. A. Cruz-Perez, D. Lara-Rodriguez and M. Lara â€Å" fractional channel reservation in mobile communication systems.† [7] Y. C. Kim, D. E. Lee, B. J. Lee, Y. S. Kim, and B. Mukherjee, â€Å"Dynamic channel reservation based on mobility in wireless ATM networks.† [8] Yi Xu, Quan Long Ding, Chi Chung Ko, â€Å"impact of handoff protection strategies on cellular mobile system capacity.†